Deception in Shakespeares Essay Example For Students

Deception in Shakespeares Essay Comparing and Contrasting Envy and Deception in Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing and Othello The course of events in Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing and Othello are shaped by the deceit and envy of individuals whose desires is arguably to achieve a higher status in society, as well as to avenge the cause of their own dissatisfaction. Don John and Iago manipulate the minds of the people in Much Ado About Nothing and Othello respectively by using these characters insecurities as tools in a quest to ruin their lives. Both plays also involve some self-deception on the part of the characters though, being a comedy, Much Ado About Nothing sees the reconciliation of Claudio and Hero along with Benedicks and Beatrices proclamation of love. This is in contrast to the bleak ending of the tragedy that is Othello, in which we witness the demise of Desdemona and Othello. This is perhaps why these to plays share some differences as well as similarities whilst the motives of Iago and Don John are similar, a lot of the deception that occurs in Much Ado About Nothing is not for malicious purposes and thus this is where Othello and Much Ado About Nothing differs. Furthermore whilst Don John is clearly envious of his half-brothers social authority, the extent to which Iago is envious of Othello and his relationship with Desdemona is ambiguous. Given the fact that Don John is often referred to as the Bastard, it is clear that his relationship with his half-brother Don Pedro is one that is marked by an underlying resentment. Indeed Don Johns illegitimacy may well have led to his dark and sullen character for he is lower than his half-brother in the social hierarchy seen in Much Ado About Nothing. This has therefore created an envy of his half-brother that for reasons unknown manifests into a desire to destroy Heros and Claudios relationship. The enviousness of Don John can possibly be seen with Iago in Othello for he has a hatred of Othello that remains unexplained till the very end of the play. One argument that supports the theory that Iago is jealous of Othello is perhaps the fact that the valiant Othello has garnered such unearned respect. If we look at Act Two Scene One when Othello has been sent to Cyprus to battle the Turks, we learn from Cassio that the Turks have possibly drowned in a storm thus meaning that they were not defeated at the hands of the Venetians. This being the case, Othello is left with nothing to do but to ask This fortification, gentlemen, shall we seet? in Act Three Scene Two. Therefore, Othello can no longer bring new tales of the battles, sieges, fortunes/That I have passed which he used to woo Desdemona as stated in Act One Scene Three and so he seems unable to justify the view of Othello as valiant and courageous. Indeed Iago plays on this when Othello has a fit in Act Four Scene One where he refers to his fit as A passion most unsuiting such a man. This seems to be Iago subtly mocking Othello status as a soldier and pointing out how unlike a soldier he really is. One could argue that Iago sees it this way because he is envious of Othellos seemingly unearned position of power as he is already resentful of the fact that Cassio was promoted ahead of him as explained in Act One Scene One when he says, Despise me if I do not: three great ones of the city/In personal suit to make me his lieutenant,/Off-capped to him; and by the faith of man/I know my price, I am worth no worse a place. .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49 , .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49 .postImageUrl , .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49 , .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49:hover , .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49:visited , .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49:active { border:0!important; } .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49:active , .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49 .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u11e1190e02aeac121cd7cb13ad509b49:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: William Shakespeare's 'The Tempest,' was first performed in 1611 and was the last play that Shakespeare wrote Essay Whilst it is clear that he resents being overlooked, it is possible that Iagos envy is as a result of the fact that he should be held in higher esteem than Othello, let alone Cassio. It is therefore only fitting that he conspires with Roderigo, someone who is himself jealous of Othello as he is married to Desdemona who is the object of Roderigos affection. In order to appease himself, Iago instigates Cassios aggression in Act Two Scene Three by sending Roderigo to attack Cassio. This leads to Cassio striking him and thus he is removed from his position as Oth ellos lieutenant. Iago replaces him and so he has achieved what was arguably his aim. Indeed this desire for status is similar to that of Don John who as well as wishing to ruin Claudios relationship with Hero, wishes to unseat him as Don Pedros favourite so that he would be able to avenge Don Pedros crushing of his rebellion. Both Iago and Don John aim to gain favour from the same person who they wish to destroy. What makes Don John particularly malevolent is the fact that his jealousy is mainly derived from his dissatisfaction with his own life. He wishes to destroy the happiness of his perceived enemies and this could possibly be held akin to Iagos wish to destroy Othello for reasons which remain somewhat ambiguous. It seems that Iagos own malevolence is perhaps due to the fact that he is just inherently evil. However it could be due to the fact that he wishes to be in many ways Othellos favourite and not only did Othello favour Cassio, he also loved Desdemona. It could be that he wishes to replace Desdemona as an object of love, not in a homosexual sense, but in a way that would help maintain a military camaraderie that would have been present when they fought side by side. That being said, he does seem to hold a belief that Othello is having an affair with his wife Emilia for he says towards the end of Act One Scene Three, It is thought abroad that twixt my sheets / He has done my office. However one must acknowledge the fact that he does hold a rather misogynistic view of women, in the way that he maltreats Emilia, and in Act Two Scene One, in the presence of both Emilia and Desdemona, he makes slanderous claims such as, You rise to play and go to bed to work. Don John and Iago are both incredibly able when it comes to manipulating people by exploiting their insecurities. If we look at Don Johns deception of Claudio, he not only turns him against Hero but he also attempts to make him distrust Don Pedro. In Act Two Scene One Don John tells Claudio that, Signor, you are very near my brother in his love, he is enamoured on Hero, I pray you dissuade him from her, Don John blatantly lies to Claudio, telling him that Don Pedro swore he would marry her, thus poisoning Claudios mind. However, when one reads the play it becomes somewhat unclear what Don Pedros motives truly are. Indeed one begins to suspect that perhaps he is similar to his brother in the sense that, whilst being no where near as blatant, there may be an ulterior motive in his actions. For example, when Claudio professes his love for Hero, Don Pedro takes it upon himself to tell woo Hero for him. Whilst this seems to be merely in good nature, Claudio seemed to allow him to do so because of Don Pedros authority over him. .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b , .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b .postImageUrl , .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b , .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b:hover , .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b:visited , .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b:active { border:0!important; } .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b:active , .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4b69a4579efda267f40c49a64445421b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Shakespeare meant for his plays to be performed on a stage and not to be read EssayGiven the hierarchy that is evident in the play, it is possible that Don Pedros reason for taking this task upon himself is simply because he feels it is his duty to put his weight behind Claudios task. However, at the end of the play when Claudio and Hero are reconciled, Don Pedro does seem to be somewhat melancholy which is clear when Benedick points out Prince, thou art sad, get thee a wife, get thee a wife, there is no staff more reverend than one tipped with horn. He is instructing Don Pedro to find a wife so that he can be complete but it is possible that Don Pedro is sad because the woman he wants belongs to Claudio. So it seems that he shares the same envious trait that his half-brother, Don John has. Looking back at the banquet scene in Act Two Scene One, one cant help but feel that the reason why Don Pedro is being so eloquent is not just because of his high social status but also because he is in effect trying to subtly woo Hero. Therefore when Don John lies to Claudio that Don Pedro has declared his love for Hero , not only has Claudios mind been poisoned, there is a chance that an underlying suspicion has been reaffirmed. Don John has spotted a weakness in the fact that Claudio answers to Don Pedro and so can not muster the courage to question Don Pedros motive. Don Johns deception seems to be succeeding as not only is Claudio suspicious of Don Pedro, he is also doubting the merit of a relationship with Hero.

Interview Question Essay Introduction Samples

Interview Question Essay Introduction SamplesAre you looking for interview question essay introduction samples? If so, then these samples are exactly what you are looking for.The majority of individuals will be on the lookout for cover letters when they are looking for samples of essay samples. This is a very important component of the whole job application process and it is always advisable to include it when writing an application. However, the more frequently individuals use these kinds of samples, the more likely it is that they will spend a great deal of time studying the materials.The biggest mistake that many people make is to treat the cover letter as an afterthought. One of the first things that they usually do when looking for samples of essay samples is to simply type the information into the search box. If they only take the time to look at the samples, they will find that they have already read the same information that they would have written in their own letter. The tr uth is that you need to provide your prospective employer with a good reason for contacting you and how you want to be contacted.Professional employers appreciate your effort in providing them with these samples. If you will not spend any time reading them, they will certainly spend some time looking at them and thus, you may be in trouble.When reading through the examples, try to look at them and decide if there is any information in the cover letter that might be worth including in your own cover letter. You should also consider writing an introduction that is more detailed than the sample to show why you deserve to be contacted by the company that you are interviewing with.Many people will include in their cover letters the names of specific companies that they want to interview with, but this is not an ideal thing to do as many professional article samples do not contain this information. By using these samples as an example, you will be making yourself more useful to those prof essional article writers.Some people do not like the idea of having to spend a great deal of time answering the questions and most of the employable individuals do not like reading through the same cover letter over again. The best thing that you can do is to write a short letter that will answer the questions that you want to ask the company.This is a strategy that many professional article sample writers have employed for a very long time and this is one of the best ways to write a professional cover letter without wasting too much time. You may want to start with these samples and then see what you can come up with and perhaps you will find that you have your own unique style of writing that is unique to you.

Exploring autism in the drama film Rain Man

Directed by Barry Levinson, Rain Man is a chef-d’oeuvre comedy that functions as a drama film, exploring autism – a mental disorder that sets in mostly during childhood. The main character is Raymond Babbitt – an autistic man, a condition that has forced him to spend his days in a mental institution since his childhood.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Exploring autism in the drama film Rain Man specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Charlie Babbitt, the brother to Raymond, is the actor who portrays Raymond’s autism on the way to Los Angeles to secure his fair share in the Babbitt’s $3 million fortunes in form of inheritance. As aforementioned, the mental disorder portrayed in Rain Man movie is autism. Autism According to Autism Research Centre, autism is a â€Å"spectrum of neurodevelopment condition, characterized by difficulties in the development of social relationships and commu nication skills and the presence of unusually strong narrow interests, and repetitive behavior† (Para. 1). Autistic people have both verbal and non-verbal communication problems and they take words literally; that is, they take people for what they say. In addition, autistic people have trouble in understanding other peoples’ emotions, thus making it difficult to form any meaningful social relationships. Finally, autism bars its victims from normal social imagination, making them not to trust other people. Consequently, due to this lack of trust, autistic people resort into repetitive behaviors resisting change or any unfamiliar situations. Possible Causes of Autism So far, there is no scientifically proved cause of autism. Nevertheless, according to The National Autistic Society, research work suggests there might be genetic or environmental factors that cause or contribute to autism (Para. 2). Intense research work is currently underway to determine the exact cause of autism. Symptoms in the Film As Raymond talks to people, he does not look to them into their eyes. Avoiding eye contact is a symptom of autism. In most cases, communication involves both verbal and non-verbal skills and as aforementioned, autistic people have difficulties in understanding any of these forms of communication. Consequently, Raymond does not understand other people’s feelings thus making him avoid eye contact. One’s feelings in a conversation come inform of voice tone or facial expressions and given that autistic people do not sense voice tone or facial expressions, they avoid eye contact in the first place. Additionally, Raymond has fear of boarding flights. When Richie suggests they take a flight to Los Angeles, Raymond vehemently declines the offer, making them to drive in a car from Cincinnati to Los Angeles. Autistic people do not embrace change.Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The National Autistic Society states that, â€Å"People with autism may not be comfortable with the idea of change† (Para. 4). Raymond cannot brace the change of taking a flight because his routine dictates that, he use a vehicle. Raymond shows little emotions except when under stress. For instance, the only time he reacts emotionally is when Charlie suggests they take a flight to Los Angeles. Lack of emotions is a common autistic symptom, a conspicuous sign in Rain Water as portrayed by Raymond. Other Symptoms not in the Film In addition to the symptoms displayed by Raymond, other autistic symptoms include hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity. In this case, an autistic person may overreact or under react to a given situation. In addition, these people have special interests like in music, art, or computers among other areas touching human existence. Medline Plus asserts that, â€Å"some autistic people never learn how to talk† (Para. 2 ). This observation backs the fact that autistic people have communication problems. Due to the perceived inefficiencies in social interactions, these people tend to withdraw and love to spend time alone. Consequently, in most cases, their physical activity is minimal. Infants suffering from autism may resist cuddling and have no interest in playthings. Finally, autistic people have no understanding of their surroundings. They show no interest in common things that common people find fascinating in life making them appear indifferent. Treatments Portrayed in the Movie After the Babbitts realize Raymond is autistic, the only intervention they execute is to take him to a mental institution. This intervention helps Raymond for he seems to have developed cognitive abilities in the mental institution. For instance, he recalls his childhood and sings I Saw Her Standing There, a song he loved to sing to Charlie during their childhood before that accident which led the separation of Raymond from Richie and his family at large. Charlie even realizes Raymond’s sharp cognitive abilities and he takes him into a casino where Raymond is supposed to count cards in a gambling game. By staying together with people, he can identify with; that is, in the mental institution, Raymond develops and hones his cognitive abilities. Probably, if Raymond grew in the house together with the rest of the family members, his memory abilities would be underdeveloped due to lack of proper care, motivation, and support. Towards the end of the film, Richie changes his attitude and starts to empathize with Raymond. According to Eikeseth, loving and understanding an autistic person improve his/her chances of living a near-to normal life (158). Richie’s loving attitude and caring nature towards Raymond as the film closes, reflects psychological intervention of autism. Love and support works wonders in helping autistic people realize they too can live normal lives.Advertising We w ill write a custom report sample on Exploring autism in the drama film Rain Man specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recommended Psychological and Physical Interventions Psychological interventions are highly recommended in autism intervention strategies. According to Kalat, â€Å"Psychoanalysts†¦attempt to infer the hidden unconscious, symbolic meaning behind people’s words and actions†¦ (8). Therefore, based on this argument, all psychological interventions seek to establish why an autistic person behaves the way he/she behaves. Despite the fact that autistic people share some common features, they do not behave exactly the same way. Therefore, psychological interventions try to determine why a given person behaves in a given way and sets rules that should be followed in addressing that particular problem. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is the highly recommended psychological intervention method where autistic childre n learn â€Å"comprehensive, individualized treatment†¦social skills, communication, daily living skills, academics, self-management or coping skills, and family support† (Eikeseth 177). On the other hand, physical interventions include general physical exercise. As aforementioned, majority of autistic people have minimal physical activity, which weakens their body. Therefore, physical exercise helps these children greatly. However, given the fact that these people do not fit well in social circles, special programs have been designed to allow autistic people exercise with convenience. Conclusion Rain Man is a masterpiece directed by Barry Levinson exploring autism and its perception by other people. Raymond Babbitt is the autistic character while Richie; Raymond’s brother, is the character who unveils Raymond’s autism. Autism affects mainly the sociological relationships between its victims and other normal people. There are physical and psychological inte rventions that help autistic people live a normal life; ABA is one of the most reliable psychological interventions. As the movie closes, Richie becomes empathetic towards Raymond, a key factor in dealing with autism. Works Cited Autism Research Centre. Autism. N.d. Web. Autism Research Centre (ARC) forms an integral part of School of Medical Medicine at the University of Cambridge. The information found on this site is about autism covering all major issues surrounding autism. ARC receives most of its funding from the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom, the Shirley Foundation, and the Three Guineas Trust among others. ARC offers links to other sites that deal with issues related to autism; for instance, Autism Europe Congress.Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Eikeseth, Svein. â€Å"Outcome of Comprehensive Psycho-educational Interventions for Young Children with Autism.† Res Dev Disabil 30. 1 (2009): 158–78. Print. Kalat, James. Introduction to Psychology. 6th Ed. USA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2001. Medline Plus. Autism, 2010. Web. Medline Plus offers reliable up-to-date health-related information in simplified language that patients, families, and friends can understand. Medline Plus is a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Institute of Health. Medline Plus is linked to other sites like twitter where people can share health-related information creating awareness to the public. The National Autistic Society. What is Autism? 2010. Web. The National Autistic Society is the top United Kingdom charity for autistic people. This society works with LEGO UK, HIT Entertainment, Trafigura, and the Co-operative Bank as its major sponsors. The site offers information, support and initiative services in its bid to create a world where people understand autism. This report on Exploring autism in the drama film Rain Man was written and submitted by user Aayla Secura to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Godot essays

Godot essays Nothing to be done, is one of the many phrases that is repeated again and again throughout Samuel Becketts Waiting For Godot. Godot is an existentialist play that reads like somewhat of a language poem. That is to say, Beckett is not interested in the reader interpreting his words, but simply listening to the words and viewing the actions of his perfectly mismatched characters. Beckett uses the standard Vaudevillian style to present a play that savors of the human condition. He repeats phrases, ideas and actions that has his audience come away with many different ideas about who we are and how beautiful our human existence is even in our desperation. The structure of Waiting For Godot is determined by Becketts use of repetition. This is demonstrated in the progression of dialogue and action in each of the two acts in Godot. The first thing an audience may notice about Waiting For Godot is that they are immediately set up for a comedy. The first two characters to appear on stage are Vladimir and Estragon, dressed in bowler hats and boots. These characters lend themselves to the same body types as Abbot and Costello. Vladimir is usually cast as tall and thin and Estragon just the opposite. Each character is involved in a comedic action from the plays beginning. Estragon is struggling with a tightly fitting boot that he just cannot seem to take off his foot. Vladimir is moving around bowlegged because of a bladder problem. From this beat on the characters move through a what amounts to a comedy routine. A day in the life of two hapless companions on a country road with a single tree. Beckett accomplishes two things by using this style of comedy. Comedy routines have a beginning and an ending. For Godot the routine begins at the opening of the play and ends at the intermission. Once the rout ine is over, it cannot continue. The routine must be done again. This creates the second act. Th...

White Collar Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

White Collar Crimes - Essay Example White collar crimes are not as simple as robbery or homicide crimes. These usually involved elaborate methods aimed to conceal the fraudulent activities. As such, investigating such types of crimes requires the same high level thinking and critical analysis. From the description provided above, white collar crimes requires an investigation that covers several fields, ranging from economic and financial activities to a clear understanding of the laws of the land. Therefore, white collar investigators must have in-depth knowledge of economics and finance. Also, investigators must know the economic and business laws. In some cases, investigators are also required to have computer systems know-how as certain white collar crimes involved internet fraud and other activities carried out through computers. White collar investigators need to possess the same critical thinking and analysis that all investigators of any type of crime must have. They must be very detailed and must be able to easily detect unscrupulous activities that may signal the act of committing white collar crimes. Furthermore, they must be firm and must be very good interrogators as solving white collar crimes relies heavily on witness accounts.

Advertising and Promotion- the Pills Case Study

Advertising and Promotion- the Pills - Case Study Example Beats by Dre has used this mass communication to reach out to large target customers (Ansell, Harrison and Archibald, 2007, pp. 394-400). Beats by Dre has used Television to deliver its message through its advertisement. The communication process used by Beats by Dre to communicate the Pills campaign will be explained below. Sender Through the pills campaign Beats by Dre wants to send the message that users should destroy the use of cheap generic headphone and instead use their portable wireless speakers. Encoding Through this process Beats by Dre wants to give a sense that their wireless speakers are much more improved as compared to old generic headphones. Though they are small in size it is much louder (Bitner, M. J., Brown, S. W. and Meuter, M. L. 2000, pp. 138-141). Feedback The last process in the communication process is the receiver’s response to the message sent by the source. The Pills campaign resulted in positive feedback from the customers. Answer 1.2 The UK commu nicating industry has a lot of channels through which the messages flow. The traditional form of marketing channel consists of medium, agencies, media and production units. The media is the essential component which serves as the medium through which the campaign runs. There are many forms of media like print media, television media, social media etc. Majority of the companies now uses social media and television media as their medium of communication since it involves considerably lower cost and can be done at a cheaper rate (Botschen, Thelen and Pieters, 1997, pp. 38-42). They are using the social media to drive their advertising. There are many agencies which help in the production process like the pills campaign have been done by R/GA’s London and LA offices. Their job is creating and planning the advertising for their clients. It is an independent company which helps in the efforts of the clients in selling their products or services. They can also handle the whole marke ting and branding strategies of the clients. There are many types of ad agencies in UK consisting of specialized agencies, full service agencies, Interactive agencies etc. There are separate media and production units which creates the advertisement on the basis of concept given by the company. After the production process, they hand over the media content to the ad agencies that can get with the marketing and branding aspects of it (Boulding, Staelin, Ehret and Johnston, 2005, pp. 155-159). Answer 1.3 There are many self-regulatory systems in UK like Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) and Committee of Advertising Practice (CAP). They adjudicate the complaints which they receive and its awards are published widely in the media. It is recognised as established means of protecting the consumers in non-broadcast marketing. There is legal regulation which opposes the unfair competition in the sales promotion activities in UK (Brangule-Vlagsma, Pieters and Wedel, 2002, pp. 267-270). T here are a variety of legal provisions on this. These are Consumer protection legislation, Contract law, Copyright and passing off, Lotteries an Amusement Act. Copyright infringement is not uncommon in the marketing activity. There are number cases like Liverpool daily post and Express Newspaper plc where it was a case of copyright infringement. In case of absence unfair competition, the law of passing off assist the companies in protecting their sales promotion activities against ambush marketing by its competitors (Carson and Coviello, 1996, pp. 51-54). Answer 1.4 Media fragmentation is

Purpose of Economics and Price Mechanisms

Purpose of Economics and Price Mechanisms Task 1 Describe ‘economics’, the purpose of its activities and identify economic problem. Economic system is a system aim for producing, distributing and consuming goods and services. It includes the combination of the various institutions, agencies, consumers, entities that comprise the economic structure of a given society or community. Furthermore, it also includes how these agencies and institutions are related to each other, how information flows between them and the social relations within the system which including property rights and the structure of management. The mode of production will be the related concept. Every economic system provides solutions to four questions: what goods and services will be produced; how they will be produced; for whom they will be produced; and how they will be allocated between consumption (for present use) and investment (for future use). In a devolved economic system, these questions are resolved. This lead to economic coordination to achieved through the price mechanism(Elton, 2014). The basic economic problem is about scarcity and choice since there are only a limited amount of resources available to produce the unlimited amount of goods and services which human, people wants and needs. Because of scarcity, various economic decisions must be made to allocate resources efficiently. Resources A resource is a means of support also can be regarded as any feature of our environment that helps to support our well being. There are three main types of resource: The first Physical or natural resource – such as oil, climate, water, minerals, forests and fisheries. The second human resource – peoples and their various skills. The third man made resources – e.g. machines, equipments. Scarcity Scarcity can be broken down into four key ingredients of factors of production: Land – Land includes all natural resources. Labour – Labour includes all physical and mental effort. Capital – Capital includes machinery and other items that go into further production. Enterprise – enterprise is the art of combining the other three factors in the production process. Scarce goods and services As notes above, if did not exist, all goods and services would be free. A good is considered scarce if it has a non-zero cost to consume costs something and is scarce. By consuming one good, another good is foregone. Therefore decisions and trade-offs to be made.(T.Ming, 2014,) The cost of a food is a signal of its scarcity. One good maybe more scare than another, either because of limited resources or higher want (demand) for that good. Choice Because resources are scarce and most of our wants are extensive, a choice has to be made about how to use scare resources in the best way. Based on the choice, the highest-value option will be forgone and this is called ‘opportunity cost’. This rule applies to organisations, society as a whole, and to individuals. Choice and opportunity cost Choice and opportunity cost are two fundamental concepts in economics. Given that resources are limited, producers and consumers have to make choices between competing alternatives. All economic decisions involve making choices. Individuals must choose how best to use their skill and effort, firms must choose how best to use their workers and machinery, and governments must choose how to use taxpayer’s money. Making an economic choice creates a sacrifice because alternatives must be given up, which results in the loss of benefit that the alternative would have provided. Similarly, land and other resources, which have been used to build a new school could have been used to build a new factory. The loss of thenext bestoption represents the real sacrifice and is referred to asopportunity cost. The opportunity cost of choosing the school is the loss of the factory, and what could have been produced. It is necessary to appreciate that opportunity cost relates to the loss of the next best alternative, and not just any alternative. The true cost of any decision is always the closest option not chosen. (Bong, 2014) Define the theory of ‘price mechanism’ by Adam Smith and illustrate by examples(s) to supports yours answer with relevant issues. Adam Smith is one of the Founding Fathers of economics described the â€Å"invisible hand of the price mechanism† in which the hidden-hand of the market operating in a competitive market through the pursuit of self-interest allocated resources in society’s best interest. It was the notion of the invisible hand that enabled Adam Smith to develop the first comprehensive theory of the economy as an interrelated social system. (Tay, 2014) In common, the concept is composed of three logical steps: The first is the observation that human action often leads to consequences that were unintended and unforeseen by the actors. The second step is the argument that the sum of these unintended consequences over a large number of individuals or over a long period of time may, given the right circumstances, result in an order that is understandable to the human mind and appears as if it were the product of some intelligent planner. The third and final step is the judgments that the overall order is beneficial to the participants in the order in ways that they did not intend but nevertheless find desirable. The price mechanism performs three main functions: Rationing The aim is to ration scare resources when demand in market outstrips supply. When there is a shortage of a good, the price is bid up, leaving only those with the willingness and ability to pay to purchase the product. This can causes supply and demand to reach equilibrium of demand and supply. Signaling function They adjust to demonstrate where resources are required or not, via a change in demand. For example, the price of goods which are scarce will increase. This increase in price should provide an incentive for producers to increase production of the good so that can meet the demand. Transmission of preferences Consumers are able to alert producers to changes the nature in wants and needs through their choices so that the market provides the right amount of the right goods. When demand is weaker, then the supply will contracts as the producers cut back on output. Task 2 Identify factors affecting the economics of an organization. There are few types of competition in business. They are perfect competition, imperfect competition, and monopolistic competition. Perfect competition It is a low barrier to entry, many choices by consumers, and no business has supremacy. It means that many companies competing and nobody has a substantial lead. For examples, restaurants, grocery stores, barbers shop, shopping mall, professional services such as dentist, doctor, contractor and others. It is a theoretical state in which not only single buyer or seller has influence over the any products sold in the market. Sellers are free to enter the market to sell any product and buyers are free to purchase any product wanted. A large number of producers and sellers operate in the perfect competitive market, and the products sold by one producer are easily replaced by a similar product from another producer. Prices for goods or services would be established by the rate in majority of consumers are willing to pay and producers will adjusting the productivity to balance with the price. (ReemHeakal, 2014) Imperfect competition It describes a market where many firms offer variations of the same product or multiple products are offered with differences. The difference may be differs in quality, preference, durability, price or utility. However, firm will be forced to departure the market if their products are not purchase by consumers. For example, a hair style cutting may be assisted by more than numbers of barber shops which all differing in style, price and environment. Consumers are bound only by personal preference and affordability in choosing a barber shop. (Hans, 2014) Monopolistic competition The sellers feel they do have some competition. There is one big company dominating the market with a few medium or smaller sized companies. Identify source of finance. Source of finance Some sources of finance areshort termand must be paid back within a year. Other sources of finance arelong termand can be paid back over many years. Venture capital provides long-term, dedicated share capital to help unquoted companies grow and succeed. Obtaining venture capital is significantly different from raising debt or a loan from a lender. The lenders have a legal right to interest on a loan and repayment of the capital depends on the business weather success or failure. Venture capital is the money put into an enterprise which may all be lost if the enterprise fails. A businessman starting up a new business will invest venture capital of his own, but he will probably need extra funding from other source, and can be very successful if he gets very high profits and a substantial return on the investment. However, there must be a very high risk of losing the investment and it will take some times to get the return and profits. A venture capitalist will require a high expected rate of return on investments, to recompense for the high risk. Internal sourcesof finance are funds found inside the business. For example, profits can be kept back to finance expansion. Alternatively the business can sell assets that are no longer really needed to free up cash. Internal Sources of finance and growth It defined as organic growth which is the growth generated through the development and expansion of the business itself. An organic growth can be achieved through generating increasing sales which increase income to influence on overall profit levels. Besides that, it can be used of retained profit which used to reinvest in the business. Other than that, the company also can sale their asset which can be a double edged sword so that it can reduce the capacity. External sourcesof finance are found outside the business, eg fromcreditorsor banks. External Sources of finance and growth This can be categorizing into 3 groups which are long term, short term, and inorganic growth. Long term may be paid back after many years or not to be paid. Short term is used to cover variations in cash flow. The growth which generated by gaining is used to define inorganic growth. In long term, there are shares and loans can be practice. Long term There are few types of shares in long term shares which are ordinary shares, preference shares, new share issues, rights issue and bonus or scrip issue. Ordinary shares (Equities) Ordinary shareholders have the voting to rights in making any decision for company’s benefits. The dividend can be differing according to their contribution and share capital. Last to be paid back in event of collapse. They share the price varies with trade on stock exchange. Preference share The shareholders will be paid before ordinary shareholders. They have the fixed in return. It is cumulative preference shareholders which have the right to dividend carried over to next year in event of non-payment. Rights issue The present shareholders are given discount on buying new shares.Bonus or scrip issue- It is the change to the share structure which increase number of shares and reduces value but market capitalization will remain the same.There are few types of loan in long term loan which are Debentures, bank loans and mortgages, merchant or investment banks, and government. Debentures It has the fixed in rate of return which first to be paid.Bank loans and mortgages- It is suitable for small to medium sized of corporation where property or some other asset acts as security for the loan. Merchant or Investment Banks It act depends on clients to organize and underwrite raising finance. Short term There are some categories in 5 groups including bank loans, overdraft facilities, trade credit, factoring and leasing. Bank loans It has the necessity of paying interest on the payment. The periods of payment is generally from one year then not longer than ten years. Overdraft facilities It is the right to be able to withdraw funds that do not currently have. It provides flexibility for a firm. The interest only paid on the amount been overdrawn. There is an overdraft limit which is the maximum amount allowed to be drawn. Trade credit It can help the ease of cash flow which commonly can be paid within 90 days. Factoring It is about the sale of debt to a specialist firm who secures payment and charges a commission for the services. Leasing The used of capital can be secure without the ownership. It is effectively a hire agreement. Inorganic growth It is about achievement. The components to gain the external finance of inorganic growth are merger and also takeover. Merger The Company agrees to join together which both can remain some of the identity form. Takeover The firm will be secure control by the other, the firm taken over most probability will lose its identity. Task 3 Identify and describe types of financing sources which available for the said projects. On my opinion, this company should base on medium and long terms sources of finance. Medium term sources are usually repaid between 1 – 5 years. Some sources of finance areshort termand must be paid back within a year. Short term sources are repaid within one tear. Other sources of finance arelong termand can be paid back over many years. Long term sources are usually repaid between 5 – 20 years. Medium term Hire purchase:It involves purchasing an asset paying for it over a period of time. Usually a percentage of the price is paid as down payment and the rest is paid in installments for the period of time agreed upon. The business has to pay an interest on these installments. Leasing:Leasing involves using an asset, but the ownership does not pass to the user. Business can lease a building or machinery and a periodic payment is made as rent, till the time the business uses the assets. The business does not need to purchase the asset. Advantage Disadvantage The business can benefit from the asset without purchasing it. Usually the maintenance of the asset is done by the leasing firm. The total cost of leasing may end up higher than the purchasing of asset Medium term loans:The business borrows an agreed amount, which is advanced at the start of the loan. A repayment schedule between one and five years is agreed. Interest is charged in line with general interest rates and the category of the borrower is taken into consideration. The business will normally have to provide security for the loan but, with the cash raised, they can avail of cash discounts when buying assets. Leasing:This form of finance allows a business to use an asset without having to raise the full price. In essence, the business rents the asset from a financial institution. The advantage to the business is that it allows the business claim a tax deduction for the full leasing payments over the life of the lease. The downside is that the asset is not owned unless the business decides to buy out the lease. Leasing is appropriate for IT equipment, which may have to be changed every two to three years Long term Ordinary sharesmay be issued to finance a major expansion such as the building of a factory overseas. The board of directors must convince the existing shareholders or attract investors to subscribe to the new issue. The shareholders will expect a dividend and a capital gain on their investment. The proposed expansion must therefore be profitable or else the investors will be disappointed. Retained earningsare profits, which are ploughed back into the business to create growth. This form of finance is suitable for organic growth as the pace of the expansion can be matched to the funds available. The shareholders have to give up some or all of their dividends but, if growth is a success, the value of their shares will increase. Long-term loansare borrowed from financial institutions and must be repaid with interest within five to twenty years. If repayments can be met, borrowing allows the business to grow without introducing any new owners who would have a share of all future profits. Dunes Stores, one of Irelands leading retail chains, remains a private company and does not look for shareholder funds when expanding. Instead it uses borrowings and retained earnings. This means that a small family group retain absolute control of the business. Venture capitala special type of financial institution has been formed to help firms grow. Venture capital companies provide money for a limited period of time, usually in the form of a minority equity stake. It is hoped that at the end of this time the company will have grown large enough to achieve a stock exchange quotation. This allows the venture capital company to sell its shares for a large profit. Propose a financing source which is suitable for given project. Justify the reason of the chosen option. Some sources of finance are medium term and must be paid back within 5 – 10 years. Other sources of finance arelong termand can be paid back over many years. Long term sources are usually repaid between 5 – 20 years. Long term The term venture capital is more specifically associated with putting money, usually in return for an equity stake, into a new business, a management buy-out or a major expansion scheme. The institution that puts in the money recognizes the gamble inherent in the funding. There is a serious risk of losing the entire investment, and it might take a long time before any profits and returns materialize. But there is also the prospect of very high profits and a substantial return on the investment. A venture capitalist will require a high expected rate of return on investments, to compensate for the high risk. A venture capital organization will not want to retain its investment in a business indefinitely, and when it considers putting money into a business venture, it will also consider its exit, that is, how it will be able to pull out of the business eventually and realize its profits. Examples of venture capital organizations are: Merchant Bank of Central Africa Ltd and Anglo American Corporation Services Ltd. When a companys directors look for help from a venture capital institution, they must recognize that: The institution will want an equity stake in the company. It will need convincing that the company can be successful. It may want to have a representative appointed to the companys board, to look after its interests. The directors of the company must then contact venture capital organisations, to try and find one or more which would be willing to offer finance. A venture capital organisation will only give funds to a company that it believes can succeed, and before it will make any definite offer, it will want from the company management: A business plan Details of how much finance is needed and how it will be used The most recent trading figures of the company, a balance sheet, a cash flowforecast A profit forecast Details of the management team, with evidence of a wide range of management skills Details of major shareholders Details of the companys current banking arrangements and any other sources of finance Any sales literature or publicity material that the company has issued. A high percentage of requests for venture capital are rejected on an initial screening, and only a small percentage of all requests survive both this screening and further investigation and result in actual investments. 1