A play Dennis Potter Essay

Blue remembered hills is a play Dennis Potter. The title is taken from the poem ‘Shropshire lad’ by A. E Houseman. It challenges the perception that childhood is innocent and that all children are pure and ‘nice’. One of the ways he does this is by using adults to play children so the unrealisticness of the play forces adults to focus on the meaning of everything going on in the play. The main meaning of the play is focused around the mindless cruelty of war and how this affects children living through it. The style of the play is flared narration. The play was originally a television play for the BBC in 1979. it was set in rural west country. For our play we are using bright lights to show that we are outside. We are also going to have some stones and sticks on the floor to play with to help us show the kid’s restlessness and constant movement. Could kick them etc. the setting is rural and in 1943 during the 2nd world war, this has affected the children a lot. There is a lot of racist speak about the ‘Ities’ and the ‘Japs’. Then there are the games, also war related. Most of the games revolve around guns and violence. Lastly there is a lot of bragging that the boys do about what they are going to do in the army. In this essay I am also going to refer to ‘my mother said I never should’ by charlotte Keatley and ‘gum and goo’ by Howard Brenton. Charlotte Keatley was a feminist writer. My mother said I never should was first performed in 1087. In 1987 there were stronger roles for women and more active feminist movements in society. The play represents the plight of women and how women were treated in society, both by men and each other. The scene where the women are talking about menstrual cramps or the ‘curse’ as they call it contrasts directly yet is similar to when the boys are talking about the war in blue remembered hills. Both plays show children discussing ‘taboo’ subjects in an open and careless way. Howard Brenton play ‘gum and goo’ was first performed in 1969. Adults didn’t understand learning difficulty’s as well as they do now, in 1006. Ignorance leads to prejudice and eventually tragedy in gum and goo. This play is about an autistic girl who invents two friends, ‘gum and goo’, this character links directly to Raymond in blue remembered hills who has learning difficulties, maybe similar, but less severe to Michelle’s autism. . All three plays have adults playing children. This creates an objective distance so the unreality of the play is so obvious it doesn’t allow the audience to get absorbed into the play. This was the audience is forced to concentrate on the issues and the challenged perceptions of childhood.

Contemporary Research on Parenting

Contemporary Research on Parenting: The case for Nature and Nurture W. Andrew Collins, Eleanor E. Maccoby, Laurence Steinberg, E. Mavis Hetherington and Marc. Bornstein Current findings on parental influences provide more sophisticated and less deterministic explanations than did earlier theory and research on parenting.Contemporary research approaches include: (a) behavior-genetic designs, augmented with direct measures of potential environmental influences; (b) studies distinguishing among children with different genetically influenced predispositions in terms of their responses to different environmental conditions; (c) experimental and quasi-experimental studies of change in children’s behavior as a result of their exposure to parents’ behavior, after controlling for children’s initial characteristics; and (d) research on interactions between parenting and nonfamilial environmental influences and contexts, illustrating contemporary concern with influences bey ond the parent-child dyad.These approaches indicate that parental influences on child development are neither as unambiguous as earlier researchers suggested nor as insubstantial as current critics claim. Although the use of donor sperm to enable couples with an infertile male partner to have children has been practiced for many years, it is only since 1983, following advances in reproductive technology, that infertile women have been able to conceive a child using a donated egg (Lutjen et al. , 1984; Trousin, Leeton, Beasanka, Wood, & Conti, 1983). This procedure involves fertilization of the donated egg with the father’s sperm in the laboratory, followed by the transfer of the resulting embryo to the mother’s uterus. Thus, it is now possible for children to be born to, and raised by, mothers with whom they have no genetic link.A number of concerns have been expressed regarding the potential negative consequences of gamete donation for children’s psychological well being, the most common of which is that the practice of keeping information about genetic origin secret from the child may have and adverse effect on the quality of parent-child relationships and consequently on the child (Daniels & Taylor, 1993; Schaffer & Diamond, 1993). As few children are told that a donated sperm of egg had been used in their conception, the large majority grow up not knowing that their father or mother is genetically unrelated to them. Findings suggestive of an association between secrecy about genetic parentage and negative outcomes for children have come from research on adoption.It has been demonstrated that adopted children benefit from knowledge about their biological parents, and that children who are not given such information may become confused about their identity and ar risk for emotional problems ( Hoopes, 1990; Sants, 1964; Schechter & Bertocci, 1990; Triseliotis, 1973). In the field of assisted reproduction, parallels have been drawn with th e adoptive situation and it has been suggested that lack of knowledge of, or information about, the donor may be harmful for the child (Clamar, 1989; Snowden. 1990; Snowden, Mitchell, & Snowden, 1983). From a family therapy perspective, secrets are believed to be detrimental to family functioning because they create boundaries between those who know and those who do not, and cause anxiety when topics related to the secret are discussed (Karpel, 1980).In examining the particular case of parents keeping secrets from their children, Papp (1993) argued that children can sense when information is being withheld due to the taboo that surrounds the discussion of certain topics, and that they may become confused and anxious, or even develop symptoms of psychological disorder, as a result. A further concern raised by the use of gamete donation is that parents may feel or behave less positively toward a nongenetic than a genetic child. It has been argued that the child may not be fully accept ed as part of the family, and that the absence of a genetic tie to one or both parents may have an undermining effect on the child’s sense of identity (Burns, 1987). It has also been suggested that whether or not gamete donation has been used in thechild’s conception, the stress of infertility may lead to dysfunctional patterns of parenting, which may result in negative outcomes for the child (Burns, 1990).In spite of the expectations that children conceived by gamete donation may be at risk for psychological problems, a previous study of assisted reproduction families by the present authors (Golombok, Cook, Bish, & Murray, 1995) foud a greater involvement in parentiong aoun donor insemination parents than among a control group of parents with a naturally conceived child, with no differences in the quality of parent-child relationships between donor insemination parents and either adoptive parents or parents with a genetically related child conceived by in vitro fertil ization. The children in these different family types were functioning well and did not differ with respect to their emothions, behavior, or relationships. It was concluded that a strong desire for parenthood seemed to be more importand than genetic relatedness for fosteringtive outcomes may be expected in families where the child and the father are genetically unrelated compared with families where genetic link exists between the father and the child.

CIA operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIA operations - Essay Example Politicians are rightly worried about possible human rights violations, as the CIA is operating in complete impunity, answerable to nobody except the president himself. Congress now wants to see the memorandum which allegedly justified the killing by drone strikes, even including those American citizens who are considered terrorists and living abroad (Shear & Shane, 2013, p. 1). It also coincided with the confirmation hearings for the new nominee for the CIA top post, John O. Brenna, who is considered as the chief architect of targeted killing using pilotless drones. Obama is accused of hypocrisy, who said enhanced interrogation techniques were now stopped, but he is using other means which are equally doubtful, in the legal sense. The said memorandum is really a classified document but Congress wants to see a copy of it, which detailed the justifications of killing an American citizen by his own government; the two reasons are if the target is a senior operative of Al-Qaeda and capt ure is not possible without endangering American soldiers. Israel was caught unprepared during this engagement because its generally cannot agree on a unified strategy if war ever comes. Moreover, the attack occurred during the holies day of Israeli religious festivities, which in that year, also coincided with the Muslim fasting month of Ramadan. The Israelis never thought the Arabs would launch an attack during their own holiest religious day. However, there are several reasons advanced why Israel was caught napping. This includes wrong assumptions made by the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) military intelligence about Egypts strategic plans and real intentions, and so concluded that war is not imminent due these erroneous assumptions. Overall, the Israelis did not think the Arabs were serious about going to war, and thereby ignored all warnings, compounded by the squabble among its generals. human body is a very complex system that is highly evolved over the years.

Cba Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cba - Research Paper Example It does not inflict social change directly, but can influence an agency to inflict the change indirectly. On the other hand, Participatory Action Research applies a more democratic approach in inflicting social change through service improvement. The participants in this form of inquiry constitute of a community group as opposed to Appreciative Inquiry’s work team or agency (Creswell, 2014). In short, it directly addresses community concerns, thus the outcomes contribute to social change directly. In health care it can be applied in devising evidence which can be used in sustaining and supporting action research projects, as the following study text highlights. In their article, Appreciating and Developing Compassionate Care in an Acute Hospital Setting Caring for Older People, Belinda Dewar and Richard Mackay seek to address the factors which would boost the culture of caring in health care. Their overall objective is to devise systematic practices which can act as realistic models which will enhance the offering of compassionate care in the future. The article is a research in which the reasons which may contribute to offering of better compassionate care are discussed. In its approach, the article involves support staff and patients, and is therefore more of an Appreciative Inquiry than it is a Participatory Action Research. Dewar and Mackay (2010) state that there is an increased concern with regards to the provision of effective compassionate care in the health care fraternity. This they point at the growing feeling that nurses are becoming inconsistent, and that complains about the quality of care provided. They also highlight the ne ed for care which is person-centered, and collectively strengthening the climate for provision. The cultural issues surrounding the adoption and implementation of a mitigation approach include lack of the will to

Historical Information for Midrange computers Thesis

Historical Information for Midrange computers - Thesis Example However, by 1998, IBM again emerged as the major producer of the midrange systems. By the year 2002, client-server platforms and midrange computers almost mingled together technology-wise and expanded the sphere of enterprise spanning storage management. In the contemporary business environment, midrange systems are being used for electronic data interchange, B2B communication, and customer relationship management. These systems are becoming increasingly popular. (Datalink, 2007; Rojas, 2001) Client-Server Architecture Midrange computers have been increasingly incorporated in the client-server architecture, which involves synchronized programs in an IT application. The server provides a service to one or more clients that send requests for it. Midrange computers are thus enabled with database access, web access, email exchange, etc., which are based on this architecture. (Berson, 1996) Shared Resources In client-server model, the clients share the resources like database, hardware, a pplications, etc. through a server. Network computing is an apt example of utilizing shared resources. (Berson, 1996) Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages include distribution of responsibilities and roles in a computer system through numerous independent computers, which facilitates decentralization, redundancy, etc. Replacement, repairing, upgrading, and relocating the components of such systems are easier. Disadvantages include server overload and risk of network intrusion. If the server is down, the whole system is down. Peer-to-Peer Structure This system uses distributive application architecture. The member computers of such a system (or network) are equally powerful. (Subramanian and Goodman, 2005) Shared Systems Shared systems in peer-to-peer structure facilitate file and application sharing without the requirement of a central coordination. Peers are consumers as well as suppliers of the resources. (Subramanian and Goodman, 2005) Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages i nclude higher computing power, storage space and bandwidth. Distributive architecture makes the system robust. However, this system lacks effective mechanisms for file security. If a malicious code enters the system through a network node, the entire network may shatter down. Security/Risk with regards to Midrange Technology Privacy: Since midrange technology is primarily client-server model based, privacy can be ensured by implementing appropriate security policies through the central server. (Newman, 2010; Berson, 1996) Disclosure of Data: Information in storage or during transmission through network resources may be disclosed by hacking, spyware, etc. Encryption can be used to solve this problem. (Newman, 2010) Data Access: Technologies like SQL, XML, Web Services, etc. can be used in the midrange computers to facilitate data access secure. (Newman, 2010) Secure Data Deletion: This is a general issue in the context of computers. Hard disc shredding and multiple overwrites are sug gestible in this regard. (University of Pennsylvania, 2011) Key Management: Midrange computer system can provide secured encryption method through a central server along with effective public and private key management. (Ryabko and Fianov, 2005) Audit Rights: Audit rights can be implemented to midrange computing, which will enhance security through account management, system events tracking, recording logons and

HRM and absence Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HRM and absence Management - Essay Example In fact in some organizations a culture of absence exists, contends Hayton (2010). It has been found that regular illness occurs on a Monday or a Friday although Monday is a better option for an extended weekend with absenteeism being recorded at 35% against 3 percent on Fridays (Gray, 2010). However, the Office for National Statistics finds that that days lost to sickness were fairly evenly spread across the weekdays (Barham & Begum, 2005). Employers are becoming aware of the direct and indirect cost to organization due to high levels of absenteeism. If absenteeism is left unchecked it impacts organizational morale and productivity (HRM Guide, 2001). Organizations now do have absence management policies but these policies must examine the causes of absence and take remedial action. While devising the policies it must be recognized that employees can be genuinely ill also. Hayday (2006) contends that a certain amount of absence is a part of working life and any absent management poli cy must provide support to those who are legitimately absent. At the same time non-legitimate absence has to be discouraged because absenteeism is proving to be costly for both private and public organizations. The cost of sick-notes in the UK has reached GBP 750 million in lost working days (Macnab, 2011). The number of workers facing disciplinary action has doubled since 2010 and thousands of workers have been dismissed because of poor attendance. More than 17 million days have been lost as a result of workers reporting sick over the last five years. The situation is the same in both the private and the public sector, says Macnab but Thomas (2010) contends that the absence costs are higher in the public sector at ?685 per head for 2009 against ?455 in the private sector services and ?545 in manufacturing and production. NHS Lothian faced a loss of GBP 17 million due to absenteeism in the past five years. Unscheduled worker absenteeism results in about 2 to 4 percent loss of workin g time (Bridges & Mumford, 2001). A study of absenteesim across genders reveals that women with dependents are less likely to be absent but those with children below the age of 2 years would frequently absent from work. One of the most respected surveys of UK absence conducted by CBI/Pfizer Absence and workplace health survey revealed that the economy lost 190 million working days to absence in 2010 with each employee taking about 6.4 days of sick on an average (Paton, 2011). This results in direct cost of ?17 billion to the economy while it does not include the indirect cost such as lower customer service and reduced productivity. Another survey by PricewaterhouseCoopers argues that the average UK salary stands at ?25,000 which means the absenteeism was costing the economy approximately ?32 billion per year based on the finding that an average worker took about ten days of unscheduled absence. This figure too does not take into account the potential replacement costs and the lost p roductivity. The survey results may differ on the figures but what is evident is that unscheduled absenteeism is taking a toll on businesses and demands immediate attention. One in three workers in the UK abuse sick days at work costing the UK economy some ?32 billion (Clarke, 2011). However, handovers and good weather are cited as reasons for absenteeism. Some even plan their vacations in advance and fake symptoms by appearing for work with props to justify their sickness. This report by PwC suggests that a large part of this loss is preventable. One of the ways is to introduce flexible working hours. Hayday (2006) divides the causes of absence under four clusters – health and lifestyle, attitude and stress, workplace, and domestic and kinship.

Big business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Big business - Essay Example war, it is important to establish a post-conflict recovery period where a country affected by civil war can get sufficient time to jump-start its economic mechanisms and strengthen the financial structures. The post-conflict recovery period is essential because it determines to what extent a particular economy will recover from the crippling effects of civil war. War paralyzes all economic activities of the conflicting country as well as all the neighboring states. Such important activities as regional trade often come to a standstill. Take, for instance, the situation in Iraq in 2003, in which US invaded them. This invasion was a major setback for the economy of Iraq, but amazingly, it only took them a year to recover. This was because Iraq is a major oil producer, and its economy is well structured. Oil is a major issue in international business currently (Ionica, 2012). Oil prices have drastically gone down, and, therefore, countries that are relying on oil for economic boost are facing uncertain times. Venezuela, for instance, relies on oil for economic stability. They are currently experiencing economic hardship because the prices of oil in the international market have gone down. Lebanon was affected by conflict, and it took twenty years to experience full economic recovery. This paper scrutinizes the role of the civil war in the destruction of a particular economy. It seeks to expose the role of big businesses in this civil war. This is because a big business just cannot attain stability in an area that is experiencing conflict. It seeks to reveal to how conflict directly affects the economy (Bouri, 2014). There is a tremendous impact that these wars have on big businesses, some of which may totally collapse because of the economic instability caused by conflict. Therefore, it is important for global enterprises to realize how conflict is detrimental to big businesses and its direct effects on the economy (Costalli, Moretti, & Pischedda, 2014). Good

Discussion Board Reply Apple Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board Reply Apple - Assignment Example Competitor organisations have gained significantly from focusing their production and selling products to these markets (Sher & Ramstad, 2013). Apple continues to limit its operations to the developed countries, but focusing on the other regions would also provide a platform for increasing the market share for the company (Reeves & Deimler, 2011). The company needs to develop a long term plan for enhancing competition and ensuring continued success of the company products. With many competitors emerging within the market, the industry boundaries continue to blur, necessitating development of effective strategies to maintain Apple’s competitive advantage. While maintaining its differentiated, premium price strategy, Apple should also consider low-price, low margin approach for the emerging markets for sustainable competition (Reeves & Deimler, 2011). Despite the supply chain management approach for the company having ensured the effectiveness in maintaining a competitive advantage, there is need to integrate all the processes within the company to ensure the smooth operations in the supply of raw materials (Keller & Price, 2011). Reeves, M., & Deimler, M. (2011). Adaptability: The new competitive advantage. , 2011. Harvard Business Review2, 135–141. Retrieved from

The Implementation of Modern Buildings in Both Methods Research Paper

The Implementation of Modern Buildings in Both Methods - Research Paper Example According to Pauwels, et al, (2009), the adoption of cost control used in many aspects of construction and some skills are important for controlling the cost in the design processes of project construction. The skills and implements could be useful in the construction industry in optimizing the design process and provide beneficial influence by increasing the number of successful projects hence promoting the development of the construction industry as a whole. In these modern times, the competition within the construction industry is always on the increase and the profit margins are continuously reducing. This is because all the investment in respect to construction projects is done with maximal benefit as the bottom-line. In any case, the best way for construction companies to keep the high profit as well as position in the market in this dynamic environment, the best techniques and methods are employed as a cost control mechanism to the project. The cost control in the financial ma nagement aspect of construction is vital in project management in the whole life cycle of a project. The success in managing costs affirms that the by-products of ay project are financially viable and worth the trouble. Cost control is a way of expressing business plans in financial terms. This expression in terms of money dimension focusing on the project plan and is a true representation of the maximum amount of money a client has budgeted for a project. Laying emphasis on the future, they set the foundation for active control management by recognizing components of the project in need of quick corrective actions to achieve the desired outcome.

Cell Phone Technology Essay Example for Free

Cell Phone Technology Essay The cell phone technology that is ever changing by the day was scientifically invented and born back in the early 1980’s. Science was the main key to the birth of the cell phone which was put together by the Motorola Company who today is still making cell phones. Before the cell phone came out the car phone was the first mobile phone which were very large and had to be hooked up to a briefcase which supplied the power for the mobile phone. Science was the utilized to create the cell phone and today the use of cell phones has brought literature to the palm of our hands. With science as the foundation to the birth of the cell phone technology age has not only brought the birth but has also brought new births of other new technologies. The cell phone is basically a radio and the invention of the cell phone traces back all the way to the radio. As we all know Alexander Bell back in 1876 invented the telephone and shortly after that the radio was invented around 1880 by Nikolia Telsa. Now with science and technology these two were combined to create what we call the cell phone or cellular phone. How stuff works) With science came the cell phone and with continued scientifically research the years bring more technology to the cell phone that would change the world. Professors, cell phone companies, and others use the art and knowledge of past use science to keep building on top of the birth of the cell phone. Scientist and researchers around the world see a successful future in the cell phone industry and jumps on the opportunity that will be one of the fastest growing industries of today. Just after the invention of the cell phone researches begin to work on a smaller and more efficient cell phone as the first one is very inefficient as it requires a large power supply to run the phone. It was impossible to carry around as it only could be used in automobiles due to the large power supply. Not only the power supply was large the actual radio waves used where also not suited to availability for everyone to use as there were at most around 25 available channels per tower, per town. (How stuff works) Researchers begin to use science to begin to make the cell phone industry more efficient and available for everyone. The next step to making the cell phone more available was to start with having more channels to handle all the cell phone conversations. Duplex channels are needed to be used in order for two people to talk to each other at the same time. The next step was figuring out how to increase the amount of available frequencies and how to make them available without confliction. Cell towers were built across cities and each cell tower were available to have up to 56 conversations going at one time. That was still not enough as they forecasted to have more than that as people started to purchase cell phones. The problem with this is that if anyone more that those 56 would not be able to talk with anyone until someone out of the 56 ended. The next scientifically challenge was to make the availability of conversation at a greater number with the use of higher frequencies. (How stuff works) One problem with cell towers is that in the beginning there were not enough cell towers to keep a conversation going when the person on the cell phone was on the move. As a person on a cell phone is on the move through a city it connects itself to the closest cell tower in range and when out of range it connects to the next nearest cell tower. The problem with this is that there were not enough cell towers which created â€Å"dead spots† which we all know as drop calls. Along with insufficient number of towers the cell phone was analog which was known as 1G (1st Generation) cell phones. As cell towers grew more frequencies were needed to grow as well. This brought the first digital cell phone which was considered the 2G (2nd Generation) cell phone. (How stuff works) With the creation of the digital cell phone also brought the availability of more frequencies. With more frequencies more people were able to have conversations at one time for each tower. Each tower carried the same number of frequencies and as the digital phone came in more cell towers were being built. Eventually there would be hundreds of cell towers in each city that would be able to handle the number of people with cell phones. Currently we are now in the 4G (4th Generation) age and with that technology we are able to do things on cell phones that we never thought we could do 30 years ago. Over the year the technology and science of cell phone has grown faster than any other product. The technology has driven the cell phone technology to connections around the world. It has also connected people like no other communication device. People from around the world are now communicating and connecting more to family, friends, and others across the country. Not only are they talking to each other but they are also communicating now with other technology aspects that has grown onto the cell phone age. People are now connecting through the internet using their cell phones and people are now connecting in ways that are changing the world. The biggest technological change in cell phones is text messaging. The cell phone eventually became more than just a radio telephone communication device. We then started to use the cell phone to send text messages like a email message. Businesses around the globe had a big impact on the technology that was built in cell phones technology. Business people around the globe needed to have email communication at all times so then that was integrated into the cell phone. Then came text messaging which was short text messages sent from phone to phone. Text messaging became a big hit as more and more people started to sway towards the text messaging than talking over the phone. When text messaging started T9 was introduced which is predictive texting or others may know it as Text on 9 Keys. (http://www. ask. com/wiki/T9_(predictive_text) This is a program running in the background that automatically predicts the words you are trying to type in a text message. This made it easier and faster to spell out words as it would spell out the word you are trying to type without having to type out the whole word. The creation of texting has not only brought a new way of communicating with others but has also created another problems in results of the creation of texting. A 2008 study by the mobile industrys trade association CTIA found that among teens ages 13 to 19, 57 percent view their cellphones as key to their social life, and most view texting as a vital feature. † (#34) According to this information it has brought attention that teen drivers are being distracted while driving with cell phone usage and texting. This is creating an upwards in automobile accidents and deaths in this country. â€Å"The California Highway Patrol released a report Wednesday showing that talking on a cellphone while behind the wheel is the leading factor contributing to crashes blamed on inattentive drivers. Furthermore, the US Department of Transportation reports that distracted driving played a role in nearly 6,000 deaths and 500,000 injuries in 2009. † (#34) As you can see in the California Highway Patrol report it shows a growing number of accidents due to text messaging or using cell phone while driving a automobile. The government today is having a hard time reducing the statistics of automobile accidents due to cell phone usage and is looking for a solution to eliminate it. No matter what is done you cannot stop public drivers from using their cell phones in a automobile. A probable solution has come up that may help in reducing the statistics by installing cell phone jammers. When a automobile is in the drive mode a cell phone jammer will activate and prevent anyone in the car from using a cell phone. A person would have to pull to the side of the road and put the automobile into park mode in order to deactivate the cell phone jammer. Then they will be allowed to use their cell phones for any use. This is only a probable solution and it doesn’t sound like a great one but it is something to start off with and hopefully eventually one day it can be sculpted into a real solution.

Critical Appraisal Of Fraser Et Al Nursing Essay

Critical Appraisal Of Fraser Et Al Nursing Essay This assignment will critically appraise the study conducted by Fraser et al (2006) Living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: insiders perspectives. The study shows how very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease affects the persons life. This appraisal will critique the research process conducted by the authors. This will include the sampling methods, ethics, the data collection methods and the analysis of the data. The limitations of the study will be discussed along with the application to nursing practice. The qualification and credentials of the authors are cited within the article. According to Siviter (2008) the authors of this article are suitable as they are both experienced within clinical practice and academically. This reiterates the authors credibility. ABSTRACT AND LIT REVEIW The title appears to give a clear indication of the research aim and objectives. The article provides an insiders perspective of dealing with COPD. The abstract according to Parahoo (2006) is a short summary of the study which allows the reader to decide if this article is of any reference to them. The abstract should contain a short background, the aim of the study, the method in which the study was undertaken and the findings which the researchers found. This is clearly shown in the Fraser et al (2006) article. The abstract in which Fraser et al (2006) used was informative, kept the reader held by the information presented and was able to allow the reader to choose the article from the abstract. The literature reviewed by the authors shows in depth research to have an understanding of the topic and the literature used shows a broad timeline of articles used. The authors show how they used older studies but were backed up by more up to date studies. ETHICS In order to conduct the study Fraser et al (2006) had the research study approved by the sponsoring university and the hospital institutional review boards. Griffiths (2006) has shown that ethical committees are there to protect both the participant and the researcher. When the participants were contacted about taking part in the study consent was gained for interviews to take place by telephone. The article does not state whether written consent was obtained. Parahoo (2006) states that as much information must be given to participants to allow them to make the decision and within the article the researchers sates that information was given when the participants were first approached. Fraser et al (2006) state that anonymity was kept by using pseudonyms as interviews were transcribed verbatim ensured confidentiality was kept by the interview tapes and transcripts being anonymous and not having the participants name on them. By pseudonyms being used this kept in accordance to the conf identiality policies expressed by The Nursing Midwifery Council (2008). In accordance to ethical protocol all participants have the right to withdraw from the study at any time without having their treatment discontinued. METHODOLOGY The research perspective in which the authors used was a qualitative study which allowed the authors to gain a personal view from the participants. By using a qualitative appraoach this allows personal experiences and thoughts to be expressed, whereas a quantitative research approach is based on numbers and statistics to explain information (Brooker and Waugh 2007). By using Hermeneutic phenomenology the authors were able to gain an understanding of the human experiences. Moule and Goodman (2009) show that Hermeneutic phenomenology is an understanding of human experiences and it allows opinions and thoughts to be portrayed without being dismissed. Fraser et al (2006) express that having trust between the researcher and the participant is important and Moule and Goodman (2009) agree. SAMPLING The study population was drawn from caseload of patients attending the respiratory clinic. The target population was drawn from a purposive sample and this was 10 patients. The characteristics of the sample were similar. The participants were over the age of 55, English as their first language, living at home and able to openly talk about their experiences of living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These participants were also categorised as these variables were the inclusion criteria. The category of very severe COPD was based on the Gold framework (2003). The group of participants were recruited by the involvement of being in the hospitals case management or by being in the pulmonary rehabilitation programme. The potential participants were telephoned and asked if they would like to take part in the study. Before the patients were approved the authors gained ethical approval from their local ethics committee. Although the sample size could be regarded as small this is acceptable in a qualitative study. Parahoo (2006) states that a large group of participants is not always needed as this research study is an in-depth approach trying to obtain rich data. Blackler et al (2004) states that b y using a small sample size, rich data would be obtained. DATA COLLECTION Fraser et al (2006) collected data in 2003 and interviews were completed. Reference PIS sheet. The interviews were semi-structured which allowed the participants to express their thoughts without having yes or no questions. The interviews were conducted within the participants home or at the hospitals pulmonary rehabilitation unit. The advantage of the interviews being conducted in the participants home allows the participant to relax and talk more freely. According to McDonald (2009) participants feel more in their own home and knowing their surroundings. The disadvantage of conducting the interviews in the participants own home includes people knocking on the door, the phone ringing and family or pets to look after. The advantage of conducting the interviews in the pulmonary rehabilitation unit allows the interview not to be disturbed. The disadvantage of the interviews being conducted in the pulmonary rehabilitation unit are, participants may have travel problems and may find it h ard to get to the unit. Another disadvantage may be that the interview taking place in a hospital setting is too formal for the participant. All the interviews were recorded on audiotape. Consent would have to of been obtained for this. It is clearly stated in the article that consent was obtained. Lanoe (2002) states that the interference of white noise could affect the recordings, and if the interviews took place in the hospital setting then the white noise would be reduced. Once the tapes have been transcribed per verbatim, both recordings and transcripts will be locked in a secure unit until they are to be analysed. After all the data has been analysed to maintain rigour they will be destroyed. (Data Protection Act 1998). DATA ANAYLIS The authors used Colaizzis (1978) method. This method involves 7 steps for the researchers to follow. The steps in order are 1. Reading the transcripts to gain an understanding of the participants experiences. 2. Using phrases to describe the experiences of living with severe COPD. 3. Deciphering meanings for phrases used. 4. Sorting meanings into themes. 5. Comparing themes with phrases. 6. Describing themes founds in the transcripts. 7. Showing the participants the results of the interviews. Since two independent researchers analysed the data, discussed the data and were then able to identify the themes present. Two out of the ten participants had their data shown to them to review the information and make sure it was correct. These two participants who reviewed their data showed there was no difference in the participants and researchers evaluation. Within the findings the authors together stated the three main themes and in the article participants quotes have been used. Fraser et al (2006) reported their findings and came to the conclusion that there were three main themes. These themes are Knowing What Works, Hanging On Barely and Losing Control Gaining Control. The article explains these themes and with the use of participants dialogue allows the reader to have an understanding of the situation. Fraser et al (2006) displayed the three themes vividly by having them as sub sections. These show the reader that the next piece of article is specifically about that theme and that it is going to be explained in detail. As the approach is qualitative Fraser et al (2006) have displayed the use narratives and quotes from the participants. Ryan et al (2007) state that the findings should relate to what has been already found. Within this article the findings have already been displayed and explained within the article. By showing quality throughout the article Astin (2002) says this can show trustworthiness and by using quotes from the participants allows t he readers to see the information taken. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The limitations within this study include having participants who are willing to talk about their experience of living with the disease, being conducted within the southern United States of America and participants had to be diagnosed with Very Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Fraser et al (2006) stated these limitations within the article along with participants having no cognitive impairment. The researchers also state how this is a very small sample of the overall population who suffer with the disease. It is also stated that a general population of sufferers of the disease in the United States of America is unknown. Fraser et al (2006) have shown throughout this study that nursing staff are able to give a better standard of care to patients who suffer with this disease. This is due to nursing staff being able to have a better understanding of the impact this disease has on patients. By the nursing staff and patients working together the effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can be reduced and this in turn can lead to patients having a better quality of life. As stated by Fraser et al (2006) the effect that the nurse and the patient can work through together include dyspnoea. The nurse can help manage this symptom with the patient by using inhalers to help relieve stress or by preparing the oxygen for the patient. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) state that it is the nurses responsibility to uphold and deliver the best care to the patient with best practice and evidence which is available. To conclude this article has expressed the need to have an understanding of a participant who suffers from the disease. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a disease which not only can reduce the life span of a participant but one which can reduce the quality of life. This is a problem which will one day be reduced to give the participant a better life with a better understanding of the disease.

Strong Women in James Joyces Eveline, Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House, and Speras My Ex-Husband :: Joyce Eveline Ibsen Dolls Spera Ex Husban Essays

Strong Women in James Joyce's Eveline, Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House, and Spera's My Ex-Husband       "My Ex-Husband" by Gabriel Spera, "Eveline" by James Joyce, and A Doll's House by Henrik Ibsen all feature strong women as central characters. These women show their strength by standing up for themselves, making self-sacrifices for the benefit of others, and rebelling against society's stereotypes.    The female persona in Spera's "My Ex-Husband" finds the strength to stand up for herself and her beliefs when faced with a cheating spouse. As the poem begins, the woman is preparing to leave on a date when her new beau notices a picture of the woman's ex-husband. She soon finds herself telling him the story behind their divorce. "He seems like any woman's perfect catch" (Spera 633), but she ultimately discovers that her spouse is disloyal to her, and he doesn't care "how slobbishly he [carries] on his affairs" (Spera 633). "Most women believe that if you love your partner, you wouldn't even be interested in an affair; therefore, if someone has an affair, it means that they don't love their partner and they do love the person they had the affair with" (Glass). The woman in Spera's poem feels that the man to whom she was married betrayed her, therefore she stands up for herself and leaves him behind.    Although it is not easy to pursue your dreams, it is even more difficult to give up those dreams for the interests of others. Eveline, the main character in James Joyce's short story by the same name, is torn between staying in her unhappy home with her father and leaving to find a life with her lover, Frank. Eveline made a promise to her dying mother "to keep the home together as long as she could" (Joyce 6). But because of her unfulfilling job and her verbally abusive alcoholic father, she begins toying with the idea of leaving with Frank. She believes if she goes with Frank, he will "give her life, perhaps love, too" (Joyce 6). Eveline is willing to sacrifice her chance of finding true love just so she can escape the confines of her life with her father. In the end, however, she chooses to keep her promise to her mother, and surrenders her dreams of a life of her own. Even though she desperately desires to leave, she finds the strength to stay in an unhappy situation so she can ca re for her father.

Analysis of To His Coy Mistress :: To His Coy Mistress, Andrew Marvell

"To His Coy Mistress" is a very interesting poem. The main plot of the poem is about this guy that tries to pick up a girl for the night. The poem does not tell about the setting. I assumed that it was in a bar, because of the way he talked to her and that is where most guys go to pick up a girl for the evening. We see this poem through the eyes of the guy, by doing this Marvell gives a look into his mind and what he is thinking. This helps to bring the reader into the poem. It allows the reader to get into his mind as the poem goes along. We begin to see the guy develop his words more and more until eventually by the third stanza he is pretty desperate. In the first stanza we see the guy begin to make a move. He begins to tell her all these sweet lines about how he could spend eternity with her. For instance, he says on line 11, "My vegtable love should grow vastar than empires, and more slow;...." In these two lines he is trying to tell her how his love will grow more and more everytime he sees her. He will love her until the end of time. A few lines later he continues to talk about his everlasting love. He begins to divide his love up between her body parts. He promises to her that he will dedicate a hundred years to her eyes. Then he tells her that he would dedicate two hundred to each breasts. That last line about the breasts I thought was pretty funny. Here you begin to see how his mind begins to shift toward sex. He begins to shift his thoughts from her eyes to her body. He is very nonchalant about it. After the comment about her breasts he says and thirty to the rest. I can just see this guy talking to her. He puts a little e mphasis on the breasts comment, and then I picture him mumbling, "oh yea....and thirty thousand to the rest." The guy is only out for one thing, and that is sex. He is trying to be smooth about it, but in the next stanza we begin to see his patience giving out. In the second stanza we begin to see the guy's personality shift.

Comparing Emersons Self-Reliance and Dunbars We Wear the Mask :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing Emerson's Self-Reliance and Dunbar's We Wear the Mask      In Self-Reliance, Ralph Waldo Emerson condemns false appearances. Paul Laurence Dunbar's We Wear the Mask also supports this belief. However, there is a difference in the views of these two works. Emerson believes that people can shed their false social appearances and live a life true to themselves and others. Conversely, Dunbar thinks these pretenses are necessary. The authors' word choices and images support this argument. Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self-Reliance" expresses his striving for individuality, rebellion against authority, and rejection of false social appearances. This is shown through his non-conformist writing style and ideas. On page 1034, Emerson states "Society is a joint-stock company in which the members agree for the better securing of his bread to each shareholder, to surrender the liberty and culture of the eater." To me, this image is of people giving up what they believe so they can protect themselves. "Securing" is making something safe or free from risk of loss, so "securing of his bread" could symbolize a person protecting their feelings or place in society. The price for this is "to surrender the liberty and culture." So, in order to protect themselves people must surrender or give up their liberty (freedom) and culture (beliefs).    Emerson also states that "virtues are penances...Their works are done as an apology or extenuation of their living in the world"(p. 1035). Virtue is righteousness while a penance is an act to show sorrow for a wrongdoing. "Works" refer to chores or efforts at righteousness. "Apology" means regret and "extenuate" can mean to cover up. "Living in the world" could be symbolic of the lying and deceit that people do in everyday life. Therefore, people labor to appear righteous in order to make up for, or cover up, the bad things that they do.    On page 1036 Emerson says, "We come to wear one cut of face and figure." This sounds symbolically like putting on a mask or false appearance. Later, on the same page, Emerson talks about "the forced smile which we put on in company." "Forced" means to strain or produce with effort. Consequently, this "smile" we put on in public is not easily shown, as true emotions would be, but produced difficultly as if it was fake or not true.    Emerson does not subscribe to this outward falseness or the desire to appear righteous. Comparing Emerson's Self-Reliance and Dunbar's We Wear the Mask :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays Comparing Emerson's Self-Reliance and Dunbar's We Wear the Mask      In Self-Reliance, Ralph Waldo Emerson condemns false appearances. Paul Laurence Dunbar's We Wear the Mask also supports this belief. However, there is a difference in the views of these two works. Emerson believes that people can shed their false social appearances and live a life true to themselves and others. Conversely, Dunbar thinks these pretenses are necessary. The authors' word choices and images support this argument. Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self-Reliance" expresses his striving for individuality, rebellion against authority, and rejection of false social appearances. This is shown through his non-conformist writing style and ideas. On page 1034, Emerson states "Society is a joint-stock company in which the members agree for the better securing of his bread to each shareholder, to surrender the liberty and culture of the eater." To me, this image is of people giving up what they believe so they can protect themselves. "Securing" is making something safe or free from risk of loss, so "securing of his bread" could symbolize a person protecting their feelings or place in society. The price for this is "to surrender the liberty and culture." So, in order to protect themselves people must surrender or give up their liberty (freedom) and culture (beliefs).    Emerson also states that "virtues are penances...Their works are done as an apology or extenuation of their living in the world"(p. 1035). Virtue is righteousness while a penance is an act to show sorrow for a wrongdoing. "Works" refer to chores or efforts at righteousness. "Apology" means regret and "extenuate" can mean to cover up. "Living in the world" could be symbolic of the lying and deceit that people do in everyday life. Therefore, people labor to appear righteous in order to make up for, or cover up, the bad things that they do.    On page 1036 Emerson says, "We come to wear one cut of face and figure." This sounds symbolically like putting on a mask or false appearance. Later, on the same page, Emerson talks about "the forced smile which we put on in company." "Forced" means to strain or produce with effort. Consequently, this "smile" we put on in public is not easily shown, as true emotions would be, but produced difficultly as if it was fake or not true.    Emerson does not subscribe to this outward falseness or the desire to appear righteous.

Accounting Assignment Week 5

16-1, 16-2, 16-3, 16-5 Exercise 16-1Identifying cash inflows and outflows Indicate which of the following items will result in cash inflows and which will result in cash outflows. The first one is shown as an example. Initial investment |Outflow | |Salvage values |Inflow | |Recovery of working capital |Inflow | |Incremental expenses |Outflow | |Working capital commitments |Outflow | |Costsavings |Inflow | |Incremental revenue |Inflow |Exercise 16-2Determining the present value of a lump-sum future cash receipt Stan Sweeney turned 20 years old today. His grandfather established a trust fund that will pay Mr. Sweeney $80,000 on his next birthday. However, Stan needs money today to start his college education. His father is willing to help and has agreed to give Stan the present value of the future cash inflow, assuming a 10 percent rate of return. Required A. Use a present value table to determine the amount of cash that Stan Sweeney’s father should give him.Using the Present Va lue of $1 table, The factor for 1 year at 10% rate of return is 0. 90909 The PV of $80,000 after year 1 is PV = 80,000 * PV factor PV = 80000 * 0. 90909 PV = $72,727. 20 Based of The Present Value, Stan Sweeney's father should give him $72,727. 20 B. ) Use an algebraic formula to prove that the present value of the trust fund (the amount of cash computed in Requirement a) is equal to its $80,000 future value. Investment + (0. 90909 x Investment) = $80,000 $72,727 + (0. 12 x $72,727. 20) =$80,000 $72,727 + $7,273 = $80,000 $80,000 = $80,000Exercise 16-3Determining the present value of a lump-sum future cash receipt Marsha Bittner expects to receive a $600,000 cash benefit when she retires five years from today. Ms. Bittner’s employer has offered an early retirement incentive by agreeing to pay her $360,000 today if she agrees to retire immediately. Ms. Bittner desires to earn a rate of return of 12 percent. Required A. Assuming that the retirement benefit is the only considera tion in making the retirement deci- sion, should Ms. Bittner accept her employer’s offer? Ms. Bittner should not accept the her employers offer.B. Identify the factors that cause the present value of the retirement benefit to be less than $600,000 Inflation is one factor that could affect the present value of the retirement benefit. Taxes is another factor that could affect the present value of the retirement benefit. Exercise 16-5Determining net present value Metro Shuttle Inc. is considering investing in two new vans that are expected to generate com- bined cash inflows of $28,000 per year. The vans’ combined purchase price is $91,000. The ex- pected life and salvage value of each are four years and $21,000, respectively.Metro Shuttle has an average cost of capital of 14 percent Required a. Calculate the net present value of the investment opportunity. |Present Value |FV X PRESENT VALUE |=  Ã‚   Present Value Equivalent  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | |Pe riod 1 |28,000  Ã‚   X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   0. 877193  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   |$24,561 | |Period 2 |28,000  Ã‚   X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     0. 769468  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   |21,545 | |Period 3 |28,000  Ã‚   X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     0. 74972  Ã‚  Ã‚   |18,899 | |Period 4 |28,000  Ã‚   X  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     0. 592080  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   |16,578 | |   |TOTAL |$ 81,583 | b. Indicate whether the investment opportunity is expected to earn a return that is above or below the cost of capital and whether it should be accepted. The investment opportunity is anticipated to earn a return that is below the cost of capital. The investment should not be accepted.

Barriers of Effective Communication

Describe the barriers of effective communication. Introduction: If an individual (Sender) sends a message and the receiver interprets it in the same way as the sender had intended to express,the process of communication is said to be complete. But it is not always so. Certain barriers in communication affect the clarity, accuracy and effectiveness of the message. The barriers could be related to the communication system, mechanical devices being used, language or symbols being used for encoding, the sender and the receiver himself. There exist many barriers to communication and these may occur at any stage in the communication process.Barriers may lead to your message becoming distorted and you therefore risk wasting both time and money by causing confusion and misunderstanding. Effective communication involves overcoming these barriers and conveying a clear and concise message. Below are some common barriers to effective communication include: †¢ Physical Barriers: this has to do with poor or outdated equipment used during communications. Physical barriers are often due to the nature of the environment like background noise, poor lighting, temperatures that are too hot or too cold which in turn interfere with effective communication. Organizational Barriers: System design faults refer to problems with the structures or systems in place in an organization. This happens due to the physical distance between the sender and the receiver due to their task, power, and authority and status relationship. examples could be inefficient or inappropriate information systems, a lack of supervision or training, and a lack of clarity in roles and responsibilities which can lead to staff being uncertain about what is expected of them. †¢ Ambiguity of words/phrases or Semantic Barriers:Different people assign different meanings to one specific message. Hence the communicator must ensure that the receiver receives the same meaning. It is better if such words are avoide d by using alternatives whenever possible. †¢ Attitudes or Interpersonal Barriers: Another main barrier is the fear and mistrust that form the roots of our emotional barrier which stop us from communicating effectively with our co-workers. These are based upon relationships, values held and attitudes of the members involved.Shortage of time for subordinates, lack of trust, can be a major hurdle in effective communication. emotions like anger or sadness can taint objectivity. Also being extremely nervous,having a personal agenda can make communications less than effective. †¢ Cross cultural/ Geographical Barriers: This barrier arises due to time, geographic locations and the effect of time upon reception of the message. Social relationships, words, colors, symbols concepts of time and space and perception are barriers peculiar to different cultures. Language Barriers: this can seem like an easy one, but even people speaking the same language can have difficulty understandin g each other if they are from different generations or from different regions of the same country. Slang, professional jargon and regional colloquialisms can even hurt communicators with the best intentions. †¢ Information Overload: it takes time to process a lot of information and too many details can overwhelm and distract the audience from the important topics. Keep it Simple and short. Insufficient Knowledge of the Subject: If the sender lacks specific information about something, the receiver will likely receive an unclear or mixed message. For example: Have you shopped for an item such as a computer, and experienced how some salespeople can explain complicated terms and ideas in a simple way ? Others cannot. †¢ Lack of Basic Communication Skills: The receiver is less likely to understand the message if the sender has trouble choosing the precise words needed and arranging those words in a grammatically-correct sentence. Lack of Sensitivity to Receiver: A breakdown in communication may result when a message is not adapted to its receiver. Recognizing the receiver’s needs, status, knowledge of the subject, and language skills assists the sender in preparing a successful message. one can improve effective organizational communication is by changing one’s thoughts and feelings with one’s colleague. In this way, we don’t just break down communication barriers, but also build relationships that work successfully for long.

Human Goodness & Beauty Essay

You ever wonder why people can be so harsh but yet still do good things for people? Do things they wouldn’t normally do that’s nice, but they did it anyways or are not suppose to do? The Book Thief is a book that describes lots of this and this paper will explain the main theme of the book. The Book Thief’s main theme is Human Goodness and Beauty because the book has lots of goodness in people, people looking out for one another, and bring each other joy through actions or words. With people showing Human Goodness they do good deeds to help other people or animals. This can go from helping a dog stuck in a fence to a person in a car accident. Even a guy/girl that is a real pain all the time will help someone that is in danger because they don’t wanna be the witness of a death or something/someone being hurt. Say for example that someone doesn’t have anything to do, and a person talks with that person finds something to give them to do they will usually grab it for them shown here, â€Å"the weekly edition of the Molching Express, she lifted it out took home, presenting it to Max,† (Zuzak 221). This shows the expression by someone getting someone something for another person that they don’t normally have and giving it to them. Most of the time they will be happy for you doing this. In the world there is good/bad people but that doesn’t matter because they will still do something good for someone eventually no matter what it is. In the book Rosa Hubermann is a good example of this, â€Å"Rosa Hubermann, brown hair, in a bun, atrocious cooking, washes clothing for the rich, and hard headed but soft hearted women,† (Zusak 34). This quote shows that even though Rosa is a mean person, she is still nice to people at times. So Even a bad person will look out for a good person at times as well. For example they will save someone in a life or death situation because they are a nice person and don’t care if that person is mean, they are saving someones life and inturn thats what matters to them. Also people can bring other people joy through actions or words by, saying something that is really nice, or helping someone out that might be in the  need of it, but doesn’t ask. Even just doing a simple action that someone is not expecting can make them feel happy and overjoyed. â€Å"The Jew stood before him, expecting another handful of derision, but he watched with everyone else as Hans Hubermann held his hand out and presented a piece of bread, like magic,† (Zusak 394). This action of Hans shows that certain small things can bring people joy and peace. His action showed that small things can bring people joy because the jew was never expecting this, but the jew took it joyfully and thanked him for the bread. Not only does this show kindness but also shows that good people will sometimes not care what other people think and do what feels right. In conclusion, The Book Thief’s main theme is Human Goodness and Beauty because the book has lots of goodness in people, people looking out for one another, and bring each other joy through actions or words. Like lots of people have done and said it doesn’t madder if you’re nice or mean everybody will help someone, somewhere, and at sometime in life no matter how old or young you are. The body was created for many purposes and one of those purposes is helping another human being no matter the situation, or if its words or actions they are helping with.

Elements That Influence State Government Essay

The special interest group we are going to look at is the Sierra Club. The sierra club is a body of volunteers that come together to fight for the environment. This interest group has offices in every state in the union. As we look at the Sierra Club in whole we will describe what this organization stands for and try to define its relationship two each of the political parties and lastly we will look at how the interest groups influences state government. According to Carl Pope, â€Å"We stand for the principle that ordinary people don’t believe that they’re here to use up the earth and have the bank account exhausted when they die; that most people really see the planet as an ongoing enterprise. They’re inspired by nature. They want to leave it behind and they feel responsible for it Pope (2008), (para. 1)†. That being said the sierra club is an organization with of over 750,000 members with a common goal in mind (Pope, 2008). That goal is to protect the earth we live on. What is unique about the sierra club is depending on what state you’re in, the sierra club will come at you in very different ways depending on the cause at hand. This means if you live in California, the sierra club will fight to protect water rights and conservation as well as air pollution. If one lives in Kentucky then the sierra club will fight you on coal while promoting wind industry. The unique thing the sierra club has going for it is that it has many different platform to speak from while fighting for a common goal. One of the ways the sierra club has found to gain support on different issues is to a line its self with different political party to gain the support and win favor with state voters. What this means is that the sierra club leverages power of their net work of volunteers and members in every state for the chance to help elect candidates that are environmentally friendly and in line with the thoughts and values that the sierra club represents. Another way the sierra club has grown in power is that they have endorsed like minded candidates from state, local, and municipal arenas. One of the ways that make the sierra club so effective in endorsing a candidate is the multi step process; each candidate receives before the sierra club will publicly support said candidate. The sierra club generally a lines its self with the Democratic Party because Democratic are more liberal than Republicans. For this reason this organization will give democrat contributions to help a candidate become elected to office. According the sierra club leadership the more like minded officials we have in office the more changes can be to the ongoing fight to help preserve the environment. The sierra club supports Kentucky Representative John Yarmuth Democrat (â€Å"Sierra Club Endorses John Yarmuth†, 2012). One of the reason the sierra club support Representative Yarmuth is because of his views on the environment, energy as well as the Kentucky Clean Water Protection Act. The Republican Party has not so lucky when it come to getting support from the sierra club. According to the Perspective a news letter, in this news letter the sierra club comments on how they do not believe the republicans care about the environment due to their stand on climate change. The perspective go’s o to tell about how thinks there is not enough scientific fact to support the accusation, it is for these types of reason that the sierra club has failed to support Republican candidates material (â€Å"The Republicans, The Sierra Club and the Environment†, 2012). Since the sierra club is disenchanted with the Republican Party they see very little money or contributions of any kind from this organization. So how does a special interest group influence state government? Interest groups are the ones that fund a lot of the politicians’ campaigns, so it’s usually an exchange of some kind of service. The interest groups push for certain legislation to go through the House of Representative, and then the Representative relies on their support in their next election. Organizations like the sierra club can influence government by getting candidates elected that have similar goals. Contributions of money on different issues help with advertizing to help sway voters or to inundate the public with information either for or against a cretin issue. Special interest groups like The Sierra Club has become very crafty in the different way they have found to influence government. Most people do not understand that interest groups don’t just lobby for legislation and wine and dine politicians. They actually write legislation, to give to politicians to sponsor. For example, the legislation popularly known as No Child Left Behind was actually commissioned by and basically written by an interest group called the Business Round Table. Another angle to look at is that interest groups often employ lobbyists who already have working relationships with the members of the House, and so these groups tend to have more influence over the way the legislation is worded. This way the lobbyist can protect and benefit the company or industry they are lobbying for. References Pope, C. (2008). Big Think. Retrieved from http://bigthink.com/ideas/2378 Sierra Club Endorses John Yarmuth. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.kentucky.sierraclub/newsroom The Republicans, the sierra club and the environment. (2012). Retrieved from http://povcrystal.blogspot.com/2012/08/the-republicans-sierra-club-and.html

Milk (Movie with Sean Penn) Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Milk ( with Sean Penn) - Movie Review Example Therefore, he was able to alter and strive for achievement of human right. However, his ambitions were short-lived by his death in 1978 (Sandhu, 1). This paper will review the movie "Milk" and it outlines changes in attitudes that has occurred since late 1970s after assassination of Harvey Milk up to the present. Attitudes have changed significantly since 1970s and this is evident assessment of the transition from the combustible and cynical period in the history to the present (Sandhu, 1). For instance, it was not common for people hear or talk about gays; in fact, there were attacks of the equitable-right litigation. However, this transition was evoked by Milk’s activism, despite being hampered by his death in 1978 due to political rivalry; this led to gradual change of attitude towards gays, which is seen today (Jones, 1). Moreover, Milk’s activism to promote equitable gay rights as has been substantially associated with the civil rights, which were supported by Mart in Luther King. Therefore, as presented by the movie, there is a significant role played by Sean Penn, whereby he presents a character, mediocre comic strips of battered manliness. Moreover, he presents a moderate, demonstrative masquerade of the extrovert businessmen operating from Wall Street (Travers, 1). The changes in attitude as introduced by this movie can be attested to by Milk’s reinvestments and political people’s imagination, who were not gays. Moreover, this acceptance of gays by other members of the public has continued from 1970s to the present. This movie presents Emile Hirsch, who becomes an activist, together with Diego Luna, who is Milk’s lover (Jones, 1). Moreover, this movie presents a good reason for change of attitudes towards gays, whereby Milk is both attractive, and has a perspective attributes. On the other hand, there are proponents of same-sex marriages such as California’s Propositions eight. However, due to the changed attitu de there are few politicians, who have been working hard to support legalization of same-sex marriages. The movie presents resentment towards gay people, which was portrayed by Dan White, who shot Harvey Milk and George Moscone in 1978 (Ebert, 1). In addition, their death was the forty-eight among the crusader for gay rights in San Francisco. Dan worked with these victims in the city’s board of supervisors, and he decided to shot them in the City Hall (Travers, 1). Nonetheless, cases of death among gay people due to the negative attitudes and heated from other members of the society have greatly reduced since 1978. It is evident that "Milk" offers pertinent ideas regarding transformation of lives among gay people since the death of Harvey Milk and his pursuit for achieving equitable rights (Travers, 1). Therefore, even after his death other that succeeded him was able to achieve prosperity, which was inform of freedom over state persecution, political and social cause. In thi s case, the movie indicates some decisions made by people despite their emotional devastation. In addition, this memorable situation is presented at the end of the movie, where Harvey Milk is considered a hero (Ebert, 1). Milk is also depicted as an ordinary man, who has a range of attributes such as being idealistic, humorous, inconsistent, insightful, optimistic, and

Mini-Project (Second) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mini-Project (Second) - Essay Example All management projects contain risks of one sort or another. These arise from interactions between the project objectives and uncertainty. A risk is â€Å"an uncertain event which, should it occur, would have an effect on achieving the objectives†. (APM PRAM Guide, 1997) The business, technical and project risks are listed below. The impact level of each risk is stated in the table, and these are given ratings and assigned priorities. Important recommendations are given on how the risks should have been managed. 6. Change in production train specification made it necessary to add another five feet to the length of the new building (only discovered when holding down bolts for the new train were laid out on site). Similarly for catalogue descriptions and specifications for other equipment 6. Manufacturing drawings for the critical long-lead equipment sat in a junior clerk’s in-tray awaiting approval and caused a two week delay and contributing to a later construction schedule conflict in tying-in the new services Uncertainty (or probability of occurrence) is classified as either very low (1), low (2), medium (3), high (4) or very high (5). The impact level is graded and scored the same. The two figures are multiplied to give the priority rating. The fact that not all stakeholders’ roles were clearly defined and especially that the project managers were not even aware of the importance of some stakeholders until much later was a great risk. For instance, â€Å"The VP Production and VP Sales and Estimating were important stakeholders who got involved in the project much later than they should have been.† (Group 1) And, the local inspection authority’s latest safety standards were not taken into account for the paint disposal arrangements. This was a potential environmental risk. The inadequate pre-planning was another great risk and an important part of this was project design, budgeting and scheduling.

Analysis of Information Asymmetry Literature review

Analysis of Information Asymmetry - Literature review Example Owners of the corporations called shareholders, therefore, remain separate from the active management of the organization and managers manage the organization as custodian of the shareholders. However, this creates an issue of agency wherein though managers act as the agents of shareholders, they pursue their own interests. (Sau,2003) The actions of managers, therefore, are assumed to be in direct conflict with the interests of the shareholders. One of the key reasons for this conflict of interest is the availability of and access to information. Since managers are actively involved in the management of any firm, therefore, they possess relatively superior information as compared to outsiders. This, however, can also create corporate failures as shareholders may not be fully aware of the actions of the managers. One way through which both financial and non-financial disclosures can be improved is the effective regulations to make things more transparent. ( Baek, Kim, & Kim, 2008) Inf ormation asymmetry As discussed above, information asymmetry arises when one party to the transaction has superior or more information as compared to other parties to the transaction.  Ã‚   In adverse selection models, it is assumed that one party lacks the understanding and information about a transaction whereas, in moral hazards model, the ignorant party lacks the information about the performance of a transaction. (Chen, Berger, & Li, 2006). Moral Hazards and Agency Problems Information asymmetry becomes important within organizational context due to the agent-principal relationship between the shareholders and managers of the firm. One of the key reasons as to why moral hazards can arise is based upon the notion that if all the actions of employees are not monitored, there are chances that moral hazards may arise. This peculiar situation, therefore, outlines that shareholders may inherently be in a disadvantageous position because of their inability to monitor the actions of managers in an effective and comprehensive manner. (Heath, and Norman, 2004)  Ã‚  

Othello paper The heroism of othello Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Othello paper The heroism of othello - Essay Example These kinds of characters are plentiful in Shakespeare’s works, including the character of Othello. In this simple statement at the end of his life, he is pointing out for us what his tragic flaw was as well as the source of his heroism. It is in his love for Desdemona that his nobility shines through. The play opens with a mob of angry townspeople coming to do harm to Othello because they believe he has shamed the daughter of one of the merchants. Instead of running, as he is urged to do by Iago, Othello chooses to stand up to these people and make sure that the good name of his legally bound wife is defended. Rather than fighting with these people, he tells them, â€Å"Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them / Good signior, you shall more command with years / Than with your weapons† (I, i, 59-61). In this statement, his nobility shines through as he defends his wife’s honor, acknowledges the respect owed to his elders and refuses to cross swords with them. However, his power to love is flawed by his inability to judge which of his contemporaries he should trust with it. This is demonstrated first through his relationship with Cassio. Cassio is clearly Othello’s favorite officer as he promoted Cassio over Iago. While there may have been other qualifications involved in the decision, there also was reason for Iago to believe he should have been promoted over Cassio. However, when Othello finds Cassio brawling in the streets with gentlemen and drunk, he immediately doubts his own wisdom in placing his affections with this man. Though he still has affection for the man, â€Å"Cassio, I love thee; But never more be officer of mine† (II, ii, 239-240), he cannot respect him and his confidence in his own judgment is thrown into doubt. Cassio’s time with Desdemona further introduces doubt and suspicion into Othello’s

'Capitalism is a force of progress for business and society'. Discuss Essay

'Capitalism is a force of progress for business and society'. Discuss - Essay Example Progress, on the other hand, can be defined as a gradual shift from one state to another. This paper seeks to discuss capitalism as a force of progress for business and society. Capitalism as a Force of Progress for Business and Society In a capitalistic nation, a business and a society can be seen to relate in that both involve a group of people held by some common beliefs and objectives. The main principle applied in capitalism as an economic system is the principle of open competition. Capitalism treats all parties in an economy equally. As such, completion gets encouraged in the production of goods and delivery of services (Chang 2011, p.133). With capitalism, more choices get given for goods needed in an economy. This gives customers a large pool of products from which to choose their preferred taste. Capitalism makes it possible for these goods to come at the preferred prices of the customers. The same product may be produced at different levels of quality so as to be affordabl e to all classes of people in an economy. Competition has a wide range of benefits to the business sector. One such benefit is that it ensures a continuous production of standard goods as businesses try to compete with each other. In a competitive environment, businesses get to acquire the most competitive human labor available in the market. In order to impress businesses, individuals get required that they keep their skills up to date. Competition in a capitalistic society also entails competing for the available scarce resources (Hurrell 2007, p.348). This competition keeps businesses on their toes in terms of management and production. It is, therefore, necessary for the progress of such a society. In a capitalistic economy, the influence of the government on production gets highly minimized. This allows for all owners of the factors of production to compete fairly in the economy. Lack of government interference further ensures that potential investors get attracted to invest in such an economy. This is because they feel that they will have sole control of their production processes. When companies have less burdensome regulations from the government, they tend to perform better than when there is a lot of regulation from the government (Wade 2009, p.568). Capitalism in most cases works for the social good of the society. Although it may seem at the first instance that in capitalism everyone is greedy for money, an inner look of the matter may reveal otherwise. Every economic activity carried out in a capitalistic economy provides some benefits to another person different from the one producing it. Goods and services offered get produced by owners of the factors of production who later use the same income to pay for the factors of production such as labor and raw materials. These incomes, therefore, get rechanneled back to the economy. Capitalism brings equality in the society. No matter where a person may start in life, everyone has the opportunity to ach ieve what they wish. The basic principle used is that the harder one works the higher the reward one gets. Capitalism treats all individuals in a society equally providing them with equal opportunities to succeed. In a capitalistic society, all individuals get subjected to the same rules that govern the production activities in such a country. Capitalism further provides

Strategy Formulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategy Formulation - Essay Example The StilSim Company has founded several strategic opportunities that will be discussed. Firstly, the generic strategy is based upon the identification of methodology in which the company will be competitive within every strategic component of the market place. Aside from a generic strategy, StilSim could employ a corporate level strategy, also known as a grand strategy. This involves a structure of the organization and the supply chain system within the company. By using a corporate level strategy, the company can then decide which areas of the enterprise to pursue and identify its pros and cons. This also allows the company a better understanding of the competitiveness it has in the market. At a corporate level, strategy management is imperative for StilSim, as this is the key point of beginning for corporate financial planning strategies. Following are some options that are available to StilSim to allow them to create a generic strategy that will assist in increasing their market competitiveness: Differentiation. This will attract potential consumers through the diffe rentiation of the offered products and services of StilSim versus its competitors, thus offering consumers clearer choices and gaining their confidence. Cost of Leadership. This will allow StilSim to access and lead the current market by the attraction of new customers due to the lower costs of the offered products and services. Focal Strategy. This will identify marketplace niches and allow it to gain control over it through the provision of unparalleled service and products therein. Beyond generic and corporate strategies, another possibility is a functional strategy. This defines the individual strategy currently being used in every function of the corporation, like product development and human resource strategies. They stem from the primary corporate stratagem in order for the business to achieve a competitive edge in the market place as well as create retail value. Strategy Scorecard A scorecard for strategy is a superior planning and managing arrangement used for the alignmen t of the corporate activities to the vision and other strategies of the company. This will allow for improvement on external and internal communication and provide the supervision of the companies’ performances versus its strategic objectives. Strategy scorecards focus on learning, growth, business process, finance and customer base. Through the use of a personalized scorecard, StilSim can determine their performance levels and make the necessary improvements. Address of Issues Given that the StilSim Corporation has a plethora of issues that need to be addressed, use of a strategy scorecard would be very beneficial. They can further address the issues of internal, external and rational analyses within the company’s structure. This is aimed at the Capital City office, which is operating at a loss of revenue. This is a disadvantage for StilSim in its competitiveness, and therefore StilSim needs to provide its customers higher value through differentiation and cost leader ship in the group. It is also recommended that they improve upon their methodology and structure, i.e., marketing, image and interface. StilSim can increase its efficiency through improved communications throughout the organization as a whole, and ultimately creating a human resources department within the company’s corporate structure. Objectives and Goals It is imperative

U03a1 Project Topic Choice and Rationale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U03a1 Project Topic Choice and Rationale - Essay Example that traditional Fee-for-Service payment rewards piecemeal work and â€Å"volume† of services rather than prevention of illness and coordination of care. The more procedures a physician performs, and the higher the value of the procedure, the more the physician is paid† (Patient Centered Primary Care Collaborative, 2007). The option chosen for this paper is Option B. The next section will provide an overview of the organisation and the strategic planning issue. The organization chosen for this study is Tufts Medical Center. The organization deal with providing healthcare for children and is a well recognized organization with a ranking within the top five percent of the institutions nationwide (Tufts Medical Center). The organization has been able to provide the customers with excellent care over the years. The strategic issue that is present in the organization is the lack of a good record keeping process for the employee injuries on the job. The organization’s strategy in a number of ways lacks a strong plan for the employees and care of the employees. This is clear from the recent news which reads, â€Å"The Nurses Association distributed a press release several weeks ago saying the hospital showed a lack of concern for the health and safety of its workers. The union also picketed the hospital earlier this year to protest changes in nurses staffing patterns† ( Altman & Altman ). Several theories that have been explained in the past which deal with both human resources as well as the strategic management in the health care industry specifically highlight the need for a safe working environment for the employees and it is by law needed for the organizations to keep complete records of the various employee injuries and on the job issues that might arise. In the case of Tufts Medical Center this has clearly been missed out and the organization has not been able to keep up the records in time and effectively. As explained by Beta – Research School for

Predicate Devices for Medical Stent Essay Example for Free

Predicate Devices for Medical Stent Essay Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System PREDICATE DEVICES:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cordis ® Corporation, ATWTM Marker Wire Steerable Guidewire, K994358  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lake Region Manufacturing, Inc., Coronary, Peripheral and Renal Steerable Hydrophilic Guidewire, K042338  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   EV3 ® Inc., Nitrex ® Guidewire, K031864  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   BioSphere Medical, Inc., Sequitor TM Steerable Guidewire, K061171 PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stent PREDICATE DEVICES:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PORGES ureteral stent from BIVONA  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   VORTEKâ„ ¢ and BIOSOFTâ„ ¢ ureteral double loop stents Description of Device The Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System is a medical grade, disposable guidewire system. The product will be used in coronary and renal stenting procedures. The product is provided sterile and intended for single use. This finished product will be compatible with 6, 7 and 8 French catheters. The PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stents are supplied in kits containing the following: 1. A double loop ureteral stent and an obturator; 2. A guide-wire, where applicable; Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3 3. A pusher (where applicable supplied with a clamp) The ureteral stent kits are supplied sterile and for single use only. Functional Components Medical grade, disposable guidewire system. The product is provided sterile and intended for single use. This finished product will be compatible with 6, 7 and 8 French catheters. A double loop ureteral stent and an obturator; A guide-wire, where applicable; and, A pusher (where applicable supplied with a clamp) Principle of Operation The Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System will be used by interventional cardiologists and interventional radiologists to ensure precise stent implantation in aorta-ostial procedures. This is a double loop ureteral stent for use in the drainage of the upper urinary tract over fistulas or ureteral obstructions (e.g. periureteral tumour; cicatrisation stent; management of ureteral stenoses; partial enlargement of the diameter: localized stenoses connected with ureteropelvic junction; and, total enlargement of the diameter: stenoses over all or part of the ureter. Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4 Properties of Device Relevant to Diagnosis/Treatment/ Prevention/ Cure/ Mitigation of Condition The device is a medical grade, disposable guidewire system This finished product will be compatible with 6, 7 and 8 French catheters. The product will be used in coronary and renal stenting procedures. The catheter is manufactured entirely from silicone elastomer. The ureteral stents are made of the same yellow silicone tubing as the predicate silicone ureteral stent. They are steerable or non-steerable, and radiopaque. Renal and vesical loops may be either closed or open. The straight section may be totally or partially reinforced. The eyes are lateral and staggered and are situated every 2 cm along the entire length of the stent (except for the no eye on the straight section version). The ureteral stents have either a fixed core guide-wire, a movable core guide-wire or no guide-wire,depending upon the method of use. The steerable ureteral stents have connectable pushers, and non-steerable stents have simple pushers. All these properties are relevant for its intended use as specified below. Definition of Intended Use The Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System is intended for use in aorta-ostial procedures to introduce and position catheters, stents and other interventional devices within the coronary and peripheral vasculature. In addition, the Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System is intended to facilitate the alignment of interventional devices and function as an alignment tool. Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 The PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stent is intended for the exact same use as the current PORGES ureteral stent (K881744) and VORTEKâ„ ¢ and BIOSOFTâ„ ¢ ureteral double loop stents (K981591). The PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stent is used for: A. Standard versions: 1. Drainage of the upper urinary tract over fistulas or ureteral obstructions (e.g. periureteral tumour 2. Cicatrisation stent B. Reinforced versions: 1. Management of ureteral stenoses 2. Partial enlargement of the diameter: localized stenoses connected with ureteropelvic junction 3. Total enlargement of the diameter; stenoses over all or part of the ureter. Comparison to â€Å"Substantially Equivalent† Device The indications for use for the predicate devices are substantially equivalent to the proposed indications for use for the Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System. The technological characteristics for the Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System are also substantially equivalent to the predicate devices. Any differences in the technological characteristics between the devices do not raise any new issues of safety or efficacy. Thus, the Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System is substantially equivalent to the predicate devices. Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6 Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6 The PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stent has similar technological and performance characteristics to the predicate devices. The catheter is manufactured entirely from silicone elastomer as for the predicate devices. The ureteral stents are made of the same yellow silicone tubing as the predicate silicone ureteral stent. They are steerable or non-steerable, and radiopaque. Safety and Effectiveness Summary The safety of the Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System was evaluated through design verification testing, biocompatibility testing and preclinical animal testing. The collective results have demonstrated that the Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System is safe and is substantially equivalent to the respective predicate devices with regard to safety and efficacy. Any differences in technological characteristics between the Ostial Pro Stent Positioning System and the predicate devices do not raise any new issues of safety or efficacy. The PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stent   is held to the same design, manufacture, and performance specifications as the predicate devices. Substantial equivalence of the devices with the VORTEKâ„ ¢ and BIOSOFTâ„ ¢ ureteral double loop stents (K981591) with respect to functional performance has been demonstrated in conformity with the FDA Guidance for the content of premarket notifications for ureteral stents dated February 10th, 1993. Where available, standard specifications are used Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7 to establish test methods. Tests are conducted in conditions similar to most unfavorable conditions of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7 medical/surgical practice. The following tests have been performed : 1. Flow rate through the stent; 2. Elongation and tensile strength of the stent after a 18 month soaking period in different buffer solutions; 3. Loop strength The PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stent passes biocompatibilityt esting per IS0 10993-1. The data currently available for the silicone stents enables them to be validated for an implantation period of up to 12 Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   8 months. The decision to leave the withdrawal wire in place on the stent must be taken in relation to the planned implantation period. Periodic examinations via radiographic and/or cystoscopic means are recommended to evaluate stent efficiency and to observe for possible complications. The stent must be replaced if encrustation hampers drainage, if there is indication of infection in the area of the stentor in case of migration or rupture. Predicate Devices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   9 References 510(k) Summary. 510(k) Notification K062192. 510(k) Premarket Notification. (2007).    Retrieved March 23, 2008, from Ostial Solutions, LLC.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/pdf6/K062192.pdf Section J: 51O(k) Summary. PORGESâ„ ¢ Silicone double loop ureteral stent 510(k)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   submission. (2002). Retrieved March 23, 2008.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://69.20.19.211/cdrh/pdf/k013921.pdf

Syntax and Semantics Essay Example for Free

Syntax and Semantics Essay In programming language theory, semantics is the field concerned with the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages. It does so by evaluating the meaning of syntactically legal strings defined by a specific programming language, showing the computation involved. In such a case that the evaluation would be of syntactically illegal strings, the result would be non-computation. Semantics describes the processes a computer follows when executing a program in that specific language. This can be shown by describing the relationship between the input and output of a program, or an explanation of how the program will execute on a certain platform, hence creating a model of computation. Semantics reveals the meaning of syntactically valid strings in a language. For natural languages, this means correlating sentences and phrases with the objects, thoughts, and feelings of our experiences. For programming languages, semantics describes the behavior that a computer follows when executing a program in the language. We might disclose this behavior by describing the relationship between the input and output of a program or by a step-by-step explanation of how a program will execute on a real or an abstract machine. Semantics is concerned with the interpretation or understanding of programs and how to predict the outcome of program execution. The semantics of a programming language describe the relation between the syntax and the model of computation. Semantics can be thought of as a function which maps syntactical constructs to the computational model. This approach is called syntax-directed semantics There are several widely used techniques ( algebraic, axiomatic, denotational, operational, and translation) for the description of the semantics of programming languages. †¢Algebraic semantics describe the meaning of a program by defining an algebra. The algebraic relationships and operations are described by axioms and equations. †¢Axiomatic semantics defines the meaning of the program implicitly. It makes assertions about relationships that hold at each point in the execution of the program. Axioms define the properties of the control structures and state the properties that may be inferred. A property about a program is deduced by using the axioms. Each program has a pre-condition which describes the initial conditions required by the program prior to execution and a post-condition which describes, upon termination of the program, the desired program property. †¢Denotational semantics tell what is computed by giving a mathematical object (typically a function) which is the meaning of the program. Denotational semantics are used in comparitive studies of programming langauges. †¢Operational semantics tell how a computation is performed by defining how to simulate the execution of the program. Operational semantics may describe the syntactic transformations which mimic the execution of the program on an abstract machine or define a translation of the program into recursive functions. Operational semantics are used when learning a programming language and by compiler writers. †¢Translation semantics describe how to translate a program into an other langauge usually the language of a machine. Translation semantics are used in compilers. Much of the work in the semantics of programming languages is motivated by the problems encountered in trying to construct and understand imperative programs programs with assignment commands. Since the assignment command reassigns values to variables, the assignment can have unexpected effects in distant portions of the program. Syntax In computer science, the syntax of a computer language is the set of rules that defines the combinations of symbols that are considered to be correctly structured document or fragment in that language. This applies both to programming languages, where the document represents source code, and markup languages, where the document represents data. The syntax of a language defines its surface form.[1] Text-based computer languages are based on sequences of characters, while visual programming languages are based on the spatial layout and connections between symbols (which may be textual or graphical). Documents that are syntactically invalid are said to have a syntax error. Syntax refers to the ways symbols may be combined to create well-formed sentences (or programs) in the language. Syntax deï ¬ nes the formal relations between the constituents of a language, thereby providing a structural description of the various expressions that make up legal strings in the language. Syntax deals solely with the form and structure of symbols in a language without any consideration given to their meaning. Syntax – the form – is contrasted with semantics – the meaning. In processing computer languages, semantic processing generally comes after syntactic processing, but in some cases semantic processing is necessary for complete syntactic analysis, and these are done together or concurrently. In a compiler, the syntactic analysis comprises the frontend, while semantic analysis comprises the backend (and middle end, if this phase is distinguished). Syntax versus semantics The syntax of a language describes the form of a valid program, but does not provide any information about the meaning of the program or the results of executing that program. The meaning given to a combination of symbols is handled by semantics (either formal or hard-coded in a reference implementation). Not all syntactically correct programs are semantically correct. Many syntactically correct programs are nonetheless ill-formed, per the languages rules; and may (depending on the language specification and the soundness of the implementation) result in an error on translation or execution. In some cases, such programs may exhibit undefined behavior. Even when a program is well-defined within a language, it may still have a meaning that is not intended by the person who wrote it. Using natural language as an example, it may not be possible to assign a meaning to a grammatically correct sentence or the sentence may be false: †¢Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. is grammatically well-formed but has no generally accepted meaning. †¢John is a married bachelor. is grammatically well-formed but expresses a meaning that cannot be true. Statement In computer programming a statement is the smallest standalone element of an imperative programming language. A program written in such a language is formed by a sequence of one or more statements. A statement will have internal components (e.g., expressions). Many languages (e.g. C) make a distinction between statements and definitions, with a statement only containing executable code and a definition declaring an identifier. A distinction can also be made between simple and compound statements; the latter may contain statements as components.